| Foreword 9 | |
| List of abbreviations 13 | |
| Part 1 | |
| Introduction to LCA | |
| 1 LCA in a nutshell 19 | |
| 1.1 What is LCA? 19 | |
| 1.2 LCA methodology in short 23 | |
| 1.3 LCA and environmental systems analysis 31 | |
| 1.4 Pay attention to... 33 | |
| 1.5 Summary and further reading 41 | |
| 2 Development of the LCA concept 43 | |
| 2.1 Early LCA activities (1969-1989) 44 | |
| 2.2 "... one of the most important tools for the 1990s ..." 52 | |
| 2.3 LCA in the environmental tool box 60 | |
| 2.4 Summary and further reading 68 | |
| Part 2 | |
| LCA methodology | |
| 3 Goal and scope definition 73 | |
| 3.1 Goal and context of the study 74 | |
| 3.2 Scope and modelling requirements 75 | |
| 3.3 Procedural aspects and planning of an LCA study 93 | |
| 3.4 Summary and further reading 95 | |
| Inventory analysis 97 | |
| 4.1 Construction of a flowchart 98 | |
| 4.2 Data collection 99 | |
| 4.3 Calculation procedure 107 | |
| 4.4 More about allocation 110 | |
| 4.5 Accounting for recycling rate 119 | |
| 4.6 Accounting for energy use in LCI 123 | |
| 4.7 Summary and further reading 126 | |
| 5 Life cycle impact assessment 129 | |
| 5.1 What is an environmental impact? 131 | |
| 5.2 The different phases of life cycle impact assessment 133 | |
| 5.3 Characterisation methods 144 | |
| 5.4 Ready-made LCIA methods 159 | |
| 5.5 Comparison of LCIA methods 169 | |
| 5.6 Summary and further reading 172 | |
| 6 Interpretation and presentation of results 175 | |
| 6.1 Quantitative results with varying level of detail 178 | |
| 6.2 Qualitative results 185 | |
| 6.3 Different purposes - different result presentations 189 | |
| 6.4 Testing the robustness of the results 196 | |
| 6.5 Summary and further reading 202 | |
| 7 Critical review of LCA 203 | |
| 7.1 When are LCAs reviewed critically? 204 | |
| 7.2 With respect to what are LCAs reviewed? 206 | |
| 7.3 How are critical reviews conducted? 210 | |
| 7.4 Summary and further reading 211 | |
| 8 LCA data management 213 | |
| 8.1 LCA software packages 214 | |
| 8.2 LCA databases 218 | |
| 8.3 Documentation of LCA data according to ISO/TS 14048 223 | |
| 8.4 Summary and further reading 229 | |
| Part 3 | |
| LCA applications | |
| 9 LCA and product development 235 | |
| 9.1 Product development and environmental considerations 236 | |
| 9.2 LCA and life cycle based approaches for ecodesign 242 | |
| 9.3 Ecodesign and LCA in product development in practice 251 | |
| 9.4 Summary and further reading 253 | |
| 10 Green marketing and LCA 255 | |
| 10.1 What is green marketing? 256 | |
| 10.2 Standardised environmental market communication 260 | |
| 10.3 Summary and further reading 274 | |
| 11 LCA for production processes 277 | |
| 11.1 LCA for the process industry 278 | |
| 11.2 LCA for manufacturing processes 288 | |
| 11.3 Transportation and logistics 296 | |
| 11.4 Summary and further reading 299 | |
| 12 LCA and waste management 301 | |
| 12.1 LCA of waste management 302 | |
| 12.2 Waste treatment in LCA 310 | |
| 12.3 Summary and further readings 312 | |
| 13 Organising LCA activities in a company 313 | |
| 13.1 An LCA project in a process industry 314 | |
| 13.2 An LCA project in a manufacturing industry 321 | |
| 13.3 An LCA project in a service/manufacturing industry 327 | |
| 13.4 An LCA project in a consumer goods industry 329 | |
| 13.5 Organising LCA projects 332 | |
| 13.6 Implementing LCA 337 | |
| 13.7 Summary and further reading 343 | |
| 14 Bibliography 345 | |
| Exercises 371 | |
| A Functional units 373 | |
| B Goal and scope definition 375 | |
| C A beginner's introduction to LCA 385 | |
| D Data collection and documentation 393 | |
| E Allocation 397 | |
| F Impact assessment: classification 399 | |
| G Critical review 401 | |
| H General introduction to LCA projects 403 | |
| H1 Roofing. Comparison of concrete tiles with clay tiles 404 | |
| H2 Clay tiles. Comparison of single use with reuse 409 | |
| H3 Concrete tiles. Comparison of single use with reuse 411 | |
| H4 Polyethylene. Comparison of incineration and recycling 415 | |
| H5 Polyethylene. Comparison of landfilling and recycling 423 | |
| H6 Glass. Comparison of single use with material recycling 432 | |
| H7 Glass. Comparison of single use with refilling 436 | |
| H8 Linoleum. Choice of linseed oil supplier 441 | |
| H9 Linoleum. Choice of waste management 447 | |
| H10 Apples. Development of type III eco-labelling 453 | |
| Solutions to some exercises 471 | |
| A Problem solution 473 | |
| C Problem solution 475 | |
| E Problem solution 481 | |
| Appendices 483 | |
| Appendix 1 General inventory data 485 | |
| Appendix 2 Characterisation indicators 509 | |
| Appendix 3 Weighting indices 517 | |
| Glossary 529 | |
| Index 535 | |
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