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| Introduction | |
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| The Roots of Plasma Physics | |
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| The Plasma Environment of Our Earth | |
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| The Energy Source of Stars | |
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| The Active Sun | |
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| The Solar Wind | |
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| Earth's Magnetosphere and Ionosphere | |
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| Gas Discharges | |
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| Lighting | |
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| Plasma Displays | |
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| Dusty Plasmas | |
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| Controlled Nuclear Fusion | |
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| A Particle Accelerator Makes No Fusion Reactor | |
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| Magnetic Confinement in Tokamaks | |
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| Experiments with D-T Mixtures | |
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| The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor | |
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| Stellarators | |
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| Inertial Confinement Fusion | |
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| Challenges of Plasma Physics | |
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| Outline of the Book | |
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| Definition of the Plasma State | |
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| States of Matter | |
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| The Boltzmann Distribution | |
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| The Saha Equation | |
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| The Coupling Parameter | |
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| Collective Behavior of a Plasma | |
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| Debye Shielding | |
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| Quasineutrality | |
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| Response Time and Plasma Frequency | |
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| Existence Regimes | |
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| Strong-Coupling Limit | |
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| Quantum Effects | |
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| Problems | |
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| Single Particle Motion in Electric and Magnetic Fields | |
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| Motion in Static Electric and Magnetic Fields | |
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| Basic Equations | |
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| Cyclotron Frequencies | |
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| The Earth Magnetic Field | |
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| E�B Drift | |
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| Gravitational Drift | |
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| Application: Confinement of Nonneutral Plasmas | |
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| The Drift Approximation | |
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| The Concept of a Guiding Center | |
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| Gradient Drift | |
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| Curvature Drift | |
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| The Toroidal Drift | |
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| The Magnetic Mirror | |
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| Longitudinal Gradient | |
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| Magnetic Moment | |
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| Adiabatic Invariants | |
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| The Magnetic Moment as First Invariant | |
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| The Mirror Effect | |
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| The Longitudinal and the Flux Invariant | |
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| Time-Varying Fields | |
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| The Polarization Drift | |
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| Time-Varying Magnetic field | |
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| Toroidal Magnetic Confinement | |
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| The Tokamak Principle | |
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| The Stellarator Principle | |
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| Rotational Transform | |
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| Electron Motion in an Inhomogeneous Oscillating Electric Field | |
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| The Ponderomotive Force | |
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| Problems | |
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| Stochastic Processes in a Plasma | |
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| The Velocity Distribution | |
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| The Maxwell Velocity Distribution in One Dimension | |
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| The Maxwell Distribution of Speeds | |
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| Moments of the Distribution Function | |
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| Distribution of Particle Energies | |
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| Collisions | |
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| Cross Section | |
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| Mean Free Path and Collision Frequency | |
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| Rate Coefficients | |
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| Inelastic Collisions | |
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| Coulomb Collisions | |
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| Transport | |
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| Mobility and Drift Velocity | |
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| Electrical Conductivity | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Motion in Magnetic Fields in the Presence of Collisions | |
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| Application: Cross-Field Motion in a Hall Ion Thruster | |
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| Heat Balance of Plasmas | |
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| Electron Heating in a Gas Discharge | |
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| Ignition of a Fusion Reaction: The Lawson Criterion | |
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| Inertial Confinement Fusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fluid Models | |
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| The Two-Fluid Model | |
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| Maxwell's Equations | |
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| The Concept of a Fluid Description | |
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| The Continuity Equation | |
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| Momentum Transport | |
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| Shear Flows | |
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| Magnetohydrostatics | |
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| Isobaric Surfaces | |
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| Magnetic Pressure | |
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| Diamagnetic Drift | |
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| Magnetohydrodynamics | |
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| The Generalized Ohm's Law | |
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| Diffusion of a Magnetic Field | |
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| The Frozen-in Magnetic Flux | |
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| The Pinch Effect | |
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| Application: Alfv�n Waves | |
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| Application: The Parker Spiral | |
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| Problems | |
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| Plasma Waves | |
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| Maxwell's Equations and the Wave Equation | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Fourier Representation | |
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| Dielectric or Conducting Media | |
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| Phase Velocity | |
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| Wave Packet and Group Velocity | |
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| Refractive Index | |
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| The General Dispersion Relation | |
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| Waves in Unmagnetized Plasmas | |
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| Electromagnetic Waves | |
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| The Influence of Collisions | |
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| Interferometry with Microwaves and Lasers | |
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| Mach-Zehnder Interferometer | |
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| Folded Michelson Interferometer | |
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| The Second-Harmonic Interferometer | |
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| Plasma-Filled Microwave Cavities | |
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| Electrostatic Waves | |
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| The Longitudinal Mode | |
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| Bohm-Gross Waves | |
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| Ion-Acoustic Waves | |
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| Waves in Magnetized Plasmas | |
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| The Dielectric Tensor | |
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| Circularly Polarized Modes and the Faraday Effect | |
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| Propagation Across the Magnetic Field | |
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| Resonance Cones | |
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| Problems | |
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| Plasma Boundaries | |
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| The Space-Charge Sheath | |
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| The Child-Langmuir Law | |
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| The Bohm Criterion | |
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| Stability Analysis | |
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| The Bohm Criterion Imposed by the Sheath | |
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| The Bohm Criterion as Seen from the Presheath | |
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| The Plane Langmuir Probe | |
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| The Ion Saturation Current | |
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| The Electron Saturation Current | |
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| The Electron Retardation Current | |
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| The Floating Potential | |
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| Advanced Langmuir Probe Methods | |
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| The Druyvesteyn Method | |
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| A Practical Realization of the Druyvesteyn Technique | |
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| Double Probes | |
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| Orbital Motion about Cylindrical and Spherical Probes | |
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| Application: Ion Extraction From Plasmas | |
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| Double Layers | |
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| Langmuir's Strong Double Layer | |
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| Experimental Evidence of Double Layers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Instabilities | |
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| Beam-Plasma Instability | |
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| Non-Thermal Distribution Functions | |
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| Dispersion of the Beam-Plasma Modes | |
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| Growth Rate for a Weak Beam | |
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| Why is the Slow Space-Charge Wave Unstable? | |
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| Temporal or Spatial Growth | |
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| Buneman Instability | |
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| Dielectric Function | |
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| Instability Analysis | |
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| Beam Instability in Finite Systems | |
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| Geometry of the Pierce Diode | |
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| The Dispersion Relation for a Free Electron Beam | |
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| The Influence of the Boundaries | |
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| The Pierce Modes | |
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| Discussion of the Pierce Model | |
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| Macroscopic Instabilities | |
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| Stable Magnetic Configurations | |
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| Pinch Instabilities | |
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| Rayleigh-Taylor Instability | |
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| Problems | |
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| Kinetic Description of Plasmas | |
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| The Vlasov Model | |
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| Heuristic Derivation of the Vlasov Equation | |
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| The Vlasov Equation | |
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| Properties of the Vlasov Equation | |
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| Relation Between the Vlasov Equation and Fluid Models | |
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| Application to Current Flow in Diodes | |
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| Construction of the Distribution Function | |
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| Virtual Cathode and Current Continuity | |
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| Finding a Self-Consistent Solution | |
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| Discussion of Numerical Solutions | |
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| Kinetic Effects in Electrostatic Waves | |
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| Electrostatic Electron Waves | |
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| The Meaning of Cold, Warm and Hot Plasma | |
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| Landau Damping | |
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| Damping of Ion-Acoustic Waves | |
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| A Physical Picture of Landau Damping | |
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| Plasma Wave Echoes | |
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| No Simple Route to Landau Damping | |
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| Plasma Simulation with Particle Codes | |
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| The Particle-in-Cell Algorithm | |
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| Phase-Space Representation | |
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| Instability Saturation by Trapping | |
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| Current Flow in Bounded Plasmas | |
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| Problems | |
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| Dusty Plasmas | |
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| Charging of Dust Particles | |
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| Secondary Emission | |
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| Photoemission | |
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| Charge Collection | |
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| Charging Time | |
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| Charge Fluctuations | |
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| Influence of Dust Density on Dust Charge | |
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| Forces on Dust Particles | |
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| Levitation and Confinement | |
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| Neutral Drag Force | |
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| Thermophoretic Force | |
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| Ion Wind Forces | |
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| Interparticle Forces | |
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| Plasma Crystals | |
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| Experimental Observations | |
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| The Role of Ion Wakes | |
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| Coulomb and Yukawa Balls | |
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| A Simple Model for the Structure of Yukawa Balls | |
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| Waves in Dusty Plasmas | |
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| Compressional and Shear Waves in Monolayers | |
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| Spectral Energy Density of Waves | |
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| Dust Density Waves | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Problems | |
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| Plasma Generation | |
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| DC-Discharges | |
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| Types of Low Pressure Discharges | |
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| Regions in a Glow Discharge | |
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| Processes in the Cathode Region | |
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| The Hollow Cathode Effect | |
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| Thermionic Emitters | |
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| The Negative Glow | |
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| The Positive Column | |
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| Similarity Laws | |
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| Discharge Modes of Thermionic Discharges | |
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| Capacitive Radio-Frequency Discharges | |
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| The Impedance of the Bulk Plasma | |
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| Sheath Expansion | |
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| Electron Energetics | |
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| Self Bias | |
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| Application: Anisotropic Etching of Silicon | |
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| Inductively Coupled Plasmas | |
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| The Skin Effect | |
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| E and H-Mode | |
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| The Equivalent Circuit for an ICP | |
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| Concluding Remark | |
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| Problems | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Appendix: Constants and Formulas | |
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| Physical Constants | |
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| List of Useful Formulas | |
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| Lengths | |
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| Frequencies | |
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| Velocities | |
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| Useful Mathematics | |
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| Vector Relations | |
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| Matrices and Tensors | |
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| The Theorems of Gauss and Stokes | |
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| Solutions | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |