| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Solute-Solvent Interactions | |
| |
| |
Solutions | |
| |
| |
Intermolecular Forces | |
| |
| |
Solvation | |
| |
| |
Preferential Solvation | |
| |
| |
Micellar Solvation (Solubilization) | |
| |
| |
Ionization and Dissociation | |
| |
| |
Classification Of Solvents | |
| |
| |
Classification of Solvents According to Chemical Constitution | |
| |
| |
Classification of Solvents Using Physical Constants | |
| |
| |
Classification of Solvents in Terms of Acid-Base Behaviour | |
| |
| |
Classification of Solvents in Terms of Specific Solute/Solvent Interactions | |
| |
| |
Classification of Solvents Using Multivariate Statistical Methods | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects On The Position Of Homogeneous Chemical Equilibria | |
| |
| |
General Remarks | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects on Acid/Base Equilibria | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects on Tautomeric Equilibria | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects on other Equilibria | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects On The Rates Of Homogeneous Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
General Remarks | |
| |
| |
Gas-Phase Reactivities | |
| |
| |
Qualitative Theory of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates | |
| |
| |
Quantitative Theories of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates | |
| |
| |
Specific Solvation Effects on Reaction Rates | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects On The Absorption Spectra Of Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
General Remarks | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects on UV/Vis Spectra | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects on Infrared Spectra | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects on Electron Spin Resonance Spectra | |
| |
| |
Solvent Effects on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra | |
| |
| |
Empirical Parameters Of Solvent Polarity | |
| |
| |
Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships | |
| |
| |
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Equilibrium Measurements | |
| |
| |
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Kinetic Measurements | |
| |
| |
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Spectroscopic Measurements | |
| |
| |
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Other Measurements | |
| |
| |
Interrelation and Application of Solvent Polarity Parameters | |
| |
| |
Multiparameter Approaches | |
| |
| |
Solvents And Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
Reduction of Solvent Use | |
| |
| |
Green Solvent Selection | |
| |
| |
Non-Traditional Solvents | |
| |
| |
Outlook | |
| |
| |
Appendix: Properties, Purification, And Use Of Organic Solvents | |
| |
| |
Physical Properties | |
| |
| |
Purification of Organic Solvents | |
| |
| |
Spectroscopic Solvents | |
| |
| |
Solvents as Reaction Media | |
| |
| |
Solvents for Recrystallization | |
| |
| |
Solvents for Extraction and Partitioning (Distribution) | |
| |
| |
Solvents for Adsorption Chromatography | |
| |
| |
Solvents for Acid/Base Titrations in Non-Aqueous Media | |
| |
| |
Solvents for Electrochemistry | |
| |
| |
Toxicity of Organic Solvents | |