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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Population, Sample, and Element | |
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| Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics | |
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| Parameter vs. Statistic | |
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| Sampling Error vs. Selection Bias | |
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| Imprecision vs. Bias (Inaccuracy) | |
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| Validity vs. Reliability | |
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| Independent vs. Dependent Variables | |
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| Normal (Gaussian), Skewed, and Kurtotic curves | |
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| Multiplication and Addition Rules of Probability | |
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| Statistical Significance vs. Clinical Significance | |
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| Statistical Abnormality vs. Clinical Abnormality | |
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| Mean, Median, and Mode | |
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| Mean | |
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| Median | |
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| Mode | |
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| What's Wrong Here? *#!! | |
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| Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation | |
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| Range | |
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| Variance | |
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| Standard Deviation | |
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| Coefficient of Variation | |
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| Kinds of Data | |
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| Nominal Data | |
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| Ordinal Data | |
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| Interval Data | |
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| Ratio Data | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Kinds of Studies | |
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| Randomized Control Studies | |
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| Matching Studies | |
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| Stratified Randomization Studies | |
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| Blind Studies | |
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| Prospective (Cohort; Longitudinal) Studies | |
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| Retrospective (Case-control) Studies | |
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| Cross-sectional (Prevalence) Studies | |
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| Experimental vs. Observational Studies | |
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| Case Series and Case Reports | |
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| Meta-analysis | |
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| Crossover, Between-subjects, and Within-subjects Studies | |
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| Therapeutic Trials | |
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| Kinds of Graphs | |
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| Bar Graphs (Bar Charts) | |
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| Tables | |
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| Histograms | |
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| Line Graphs | |
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| Cumulative Frequency Curves | |
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| Box-and-Whiskers Plots | |
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| Stem-and-Leaf Plots | |
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| Scattergrams | |
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| Survival Curves | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| The Null and Alternative Hypotheses | |
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| Rejecting the Null Hypothesis | |
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| Statistical Tests | |
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| Parametric vs. Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| The Z-score | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Confidence Intervals vs. Hypothesis Testing and P-values | |
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| Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) | |
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| The Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| The t-Test | |
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| The Meaning of the t-Test | |
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| Comparing Two Samples | |
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| One-Tailed Vs. Two-Tailed Studies | |
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| The Two-Tailed Test | |
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| The One-Tailed Test | |
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| P-Ing (PEE-ING) All Over the Place | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Power | |
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| Effect Size | |
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| Bayesian Thinking | |
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| Calculation of Sample Size | |
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| ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) | |
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| ANOVA and F-ratio | |
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| MANOVA and ANCOVA | |
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| Correlation and Regression | |
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| Correlation Techniques | |
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| Correlation Does Not Mean Causation | |
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| Criteria of Causality | |
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| Regression | |
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| Kinds of Regression Analysis | |
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| Regression to the Mean | |
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| Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Chi-Square (X<sup>2</sup>) Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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| Nonparametric Tests That Use Ranking | |
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| Nonparametric Tests That Do Not Use Ranking | |
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| Epidemiological Tests | |
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| Incidence vs. Prevalence | |
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| Mortality, Morbidity, and Case Fatality | |
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| Absolute Risk vs. Relative Risk (RR) | |
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| Odds and Odds Ratio (Relative Odds) | |
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| Absolute Risk Reduction (Attributable Risk) vs. Relative Risk Reduction | |
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| Number Needed to Treat (NNT) | |
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| Number Needed to Harm (NNH) | |
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| Sensitivity vs. Specificity | |
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| Positive and Negative Predictive Values | |
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| Are the Research Conclusions Correct? | |
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| What's Wrong Here? | |
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| Who Says So? | |
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| How Does the Researcher Know? | |
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| What's Missing? | |
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| Did Someone Change the Subject? | |
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| Does It Make Sense? | |
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| The Z table | |
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| The t table | |
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| The Chi-Square Table | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |