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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Preface: A Progress Report on Parking Reforms | |
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| Set the Right Price for Curb Parking | |
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| Return Parking Revenue to Pay for Local Public Services | |
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| Remove Minimum Parking Requirements | |
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| A Quiet Revolution in Parking Policies | |
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| The Twenty-First Century Parking Problem | |
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| The Car Explosion | |
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| The �Commons� Problem | |
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| Skewed Travel Choices | |
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| Cures That Kill | |
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| The Twenty-First Century Parking Solution | |
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| Planning for Free Parking | |
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| Unnatural Selection | |
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| The Genesis of Parking Requirements | |
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| Huddled Masses Yearning to Park Free | |
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| Planning without Prices | |
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| Planning without Theory | |
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| First Strategy: Copy Other Cities | |
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| Second Strategy: Consult ITE Data | |
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| Five Easy Reforms | |
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| Conclusion: The Immaculate Conception of Parking Demand | |
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| The Pseudoscience of Planning for Parking | |
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| Three-Step Process | |
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| Circular Logic | |
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| Estimating Demand without Prices | |
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| Professional Confidence Trick | |
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| Planners in Denial | |
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| Parochial Policies | |
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| Mobility versus Proximity | |
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| Systemwide Effects of Parking Requirements | |
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| Parking Spaces Required for a Change of Land Use | |
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| Quantity versus Quality | |
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| Conclusion: An Elaborate Structure with No Foundation | |
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| An Analogy: Ancient Astronomy | |
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| A Parallel Universe | |
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| The Muddle Is the Message | |
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| The Twenty-First Century Parking Solution | |
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| A Great Planning Disaster | |
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| Bundled Parking and the Decision to Drive | |
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| Distorted Urban Form | |
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| Degraded Urban Design | |
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| Higher Housing Costs | |
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| Paralysis by Parking Requirements | |
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| Limits on Homeownership | |
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| Damage to the Urban Economy | |
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| Harm to the Central Business District | |
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| Harm to Low-Income Families | |
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| Price Discrimination | |
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| Prices and Preferences | |
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| Precedent Coagulates into Tradition | |
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| An Analogy: Bloodletting | |
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| Conclusion: First, Do No Harm | |
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| The Cost of Required Parking Spaces | |
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| How Much Does a Parking Space Cost? | |
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| Monthly Cost of a Parking Space | |
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| External Costs of a Parking Space | |
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| Conclusion: The High Cost of Required Parking Spaces | |
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| Putting the Cost of Free Parking in Perspective | |
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| Total Subsidy for Parking | |
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| Capital Cost of the Parking Supply | |
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| New Parking Spaces Compared with New Cars | |
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| Free Parking Compared with the Cost of Driving to Work | |
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| Parking Subsidies Compared with Congestion Tolls | |
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| Simple Arithmetic | |
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| Conclusion: A Great Planning Disaster | |
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| An Allegory: Minimum Telephone Requirements | |
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| Public Parking in Lieu of Private Parking | |
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| Benefits of In-Lieu Fees | |
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| Concerns about In-Lieu Fees | |
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| How Do Cities Set the In-Lieu Fees? | |
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| Why Pay the Fee rather than Provide the Parking? | |
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| The Impact Fees Implicit in Parking Requirements | |
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| Conclusion: The High Cost of Parking Requirements | |
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| Reduce Demand Rather than Increase Supply | |
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| Transit Passes in Lieu of Parking Spaces | |
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| Parking Cash Out in Lieu of Parking Spaces | |
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| Car Sharing | |
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| Policies Appropriate to Their Locations | |
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| Conclusion: Offer the Option to Reduce Parking Demand | |
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| Cruising for Parking | |
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| Cruising | |
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| Cruising through the Twentieth Century | |
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| Detroit | |
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| Washington, D.C | |
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| New Haven and Waterbury | |
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| London | |
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| Paris | |
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| Freiburg | |
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| Jerusalem and Haifa | |
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| Cambridge | |
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| Cape Town | |
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| New York | |
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| San Francisco | |
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| Sydney | |
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| Cruising without Parking | |
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| Conclusion: A Century of Cruising | |
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| The Right Price for Curb Parking | |
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| Is Curb Parking a Public Good? | |
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| Time Limits | |
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| The Right Price | |
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| External Costs of Curb Parking | |
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| Demand-Responsive Prices | |
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| Can Prices Manage Curb Parking Demand? | |
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| Two Later Observations | |
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| Conclusion: Charge the Right Price for Curb Parking | |
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| Choosing to Cruise | |
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| To Cruise or to Pay | |
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| Equilibrium Search Time: An Example | |
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| The Wages of Cruising | |
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| Rent Seeking | |
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| Two Pricing Strategies | |
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| Elasticities | |
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| A Numerical Example | |
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| Complications | |
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| Is Cruising Rational? | |
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| The Role of Information | |
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| Conclusion: An Invitation to Cruise | |
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| California Cruising | |
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| Park-and-Visit Tests in Westwood Village | |
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| Cheaper Curb Parking Creates More Cruising | |
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| Cruising for a Year | |
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| Side Effects of Cruising | |
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| Solo Drivers More Likely to Cruise | |
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| Market Prices Can Attract More People | |
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| Wages of Cruising in Westwood Village | |
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| Perception versus Reality | |
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| Turning Wasted Time into Public Revenue | |
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| Conclusion: The High Cost of Cruising | |
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| Cashing in on Curb Parking | |
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| Buying Time at the Curb | |
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| First Parking Meter | |
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| The Technology of Charging for Curb Parking | |
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| Not Technology but Politics | |
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| Conclusion: Honk if You Support Paid Parking | |
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| Turning Small Change into Big Changes | |
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| Parking Benefit Districts | |
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| A Logical Recipient: Business Improvement Districts | |
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| Pasadena: Your Meter Money Makes a Difference | |
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| San Diego: Turning Small Change into Big Changes | |
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| Conclusion: Cash Registers at the Curb | |
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| Taxing Foreigners Living Abroad | |
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| A Market in Curb Parking | |
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| Residential Parking Benefit Districts | |
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| Benefits of Parking Benefit Districts | |
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| Conclusion: Changing the Politics of Curb Parking | |
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| Let Prices Do the Planning | |
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| Space, Time, Money, and Parking | |
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| The Optimal Parking Space | |
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| Greed versus Sloth | |
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| Parking Duration and Vehicle Occupancy | |
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| The Invisible Hand | |
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| Classic Monocentric Models | |
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| Efficiency | |
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| Practicality | |
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| Enforcement | |
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| Banning Curb Parking | |
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| Where Would Jesus Park? | |
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| Removing Off-Street Parking Requirements | |
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| Conclusion: Prices Can Do the Planning | |
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| The Ideal Source of Local Public Revenue | |
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| Henry George's Proposal | |
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| Curb Parking Revenue Is Public Land Rent | |
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| Parking Requirements Act Like a Tax on Buildings | |
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| What Would Adam Smith Say about Charging for Parking? | |
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| Revenue Potential of Curb Parking | |
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| Division of Curb Parking Revenue | |
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| Similarity to Special Assessments | |
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| Property Values | |
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| An Analogy: Congestion Pricing | |
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| Appropriate Public Claimants | |
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| Parking Increment Finance | |
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| Equity | |
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| Opportunity Cost of Curb Parking | |
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| Economic Development | |
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| Monopoly, Free Parking, and Henry George | |
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| Conclusion: The Revenue Is under Our Cars | |
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| Unbundled Parking | |
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| Parking Costs Unbundled from Housing Costs | |
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| Parking Caps or Parking Prices | |
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| Effects of Unbundling on VMT and Vehicle Emissions | |
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| Objections to Unbundling | |
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| Conclusion: The High Cost of Bundled Parking | |
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| Time for a Paradigm Shift | |
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| Parking Requirements as a Paradigm | |
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| Retrofitting America | |
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| An Illustration: Advising the Mayor | |
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| A New Style of Planning | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Changing the Future | |
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| Curb Parking as a Commons Problem | |
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| Enormous Parking Subsidies | |
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| Unintended Consequences | |
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| Enclosing the Commons | |
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| Public Property, Not Private Property | |
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| Commons, Anticommons, and the Liberal Commons | |
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| Public Property, but without Open Access | |
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| Other Commons Problems | |
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| Two Futures | |
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| Three Reforms | |
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| The Practice of Parking Requirements | |
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| Three Steps in Setting a Parking Requirement | |
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| 662 Land Uses | |
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| 216 Bases | |
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| Convergence to the Golden Rule | |
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| Parking Requirements and Regional Culture | |
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| Parking Requirements and Parking Technology | |
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| What Went Wrong? | |
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| Nationwide Transportation Surveys | |
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| Drivers Park Free for 99 Percent of All Automobile Trips | |
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| Cars Are Parked 95 Percent of the Time | |
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| The Language of Parking | |
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| The Calculus of Driving, Parking, and Walking | |
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| Elasticities | |
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| Complications | |
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| The Price of Time | |
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| The Price of Land and the Cost of Parking | |
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| Break-Even Land Values | |
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| Land Banks | |
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| Cost of Complying with Parking Requirements | |
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| People, Parking, and Cities | |
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| Share of Land in Streets and Parking | |
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| People and Land: Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco | |
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| Converting Traffic Congestion into Cash | |
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| Use of the Toll Revenue | |
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| Estimates of the Toll Revenue | |
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| Income Distribution and Political Support | |
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| The Vehicles of Nations | |
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| Afterword: Twenty-First Century Parking Reforms | |
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| Set the Right Price for Curb Parking | |
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| Return Parking Revenue to Pay for Local Public Services | |
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| Remove Minimum Parking Requirements | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |