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Tables, Figures, and Boxes | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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What This Book Is About | |
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Facts and Values in Perspective | |
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The Scientific Approach | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes | |
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The Definition and Measurement of Concepts | |
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Conceptual Definitions | |
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Clarifying a Concept | |
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A Template for Writing a Conceptual Definition | |
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Operational Definitions | |
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Measurement Error | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Evaluating Reliability | |
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Evaluating Validity | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Measuring and Describing Variables | |
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Measuring Variables | |
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Levels of Measurement | |
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Additive Indexes | |
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Describing Variables | |
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Central Tendency and Dispersion | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Proposing Explanations, Framing Hypotheses, and Making Comparisons | |
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Proposing Explanations | |
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Framing Hypotheses | |
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Common Mistakes in Hypothesis Writing | |
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Intervening Variables | |
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Making Comparisons | |
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Cross-tabulations | |
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Mean Comparisons | |
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Graphing Relationships and Describing Patterns | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Research Design and the Logic of Control | |
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Experimental Designs | |
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Random Assignment | |
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A Laboratory Experiment | |
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A Field Experiment | |
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Controlled Comparisons | |
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Three Scenarios | |
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Spurious Relationships | |
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Additive Relationships | |
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Interaction Relationships | |
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The Many Faces of Interaction | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Making Controlled Comparisons | |
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Cross-tabulation Analysis Control Tables | |
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Partial Effect | |
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Identifying the Pattern | |
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Graphing Controlled Comparisons | |
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An Example of Interaction | |
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Mean Comparison Analysis | |
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An Example of Additive Relationships | |
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Another Example of Interaction | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Foundations of Statistical Inference | |
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Population Parameters and Sample Statistics | |
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Random Sampling | |
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Sample Size and Random Sampling Error | |
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Variation Revisited: The Standard Deviation | |
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n and � | |
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The Standard Error of a Sample Mean | |
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The Central Limit Theorem and the Normal Distribution | |
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Inference Using the Normal Distribution | |
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Inference Using the Student's f-Distribution | |
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What About Sample Proportions? | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Tests of Significance and Measures of Association | |
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Statistical Significance | |
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Comparing Two Sample Means | |
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Comparing Two Sample Proportions | |
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The Chi-square Test of Significance | |
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Measures of Association | |
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Lambda | |
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A Problem with Lambda | |
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Somers'd<sub>yx</sub> | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Correlation and Linear Regression | |
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Correlation | |
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Bivariate Regression | |
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R-square | |
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Adjusted R-square | |
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Dummy Variable Regression | |
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Multiple Regression | |
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Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression | |
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Multicollinearity | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Logistic Regression | |
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The Logistic Regression Approach | |
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Finding the Best Fit: Maximum Likelihood Estimation | |
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Logistic Regression with Multiple Independent Variables | |
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Working with Probabilities | |
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The Probability Profile Method | |
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The Sample Averages Method | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Thinking Empirically, Thinking Probabilistically | |
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Thinking Empirically | |
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Thinking Probabilistically | |
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Notes | |
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Index | |