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| Concepts and Tools | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Book's Website | |
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| Pedagogical Approach | |
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| Getting Ready to Learn about SEM | |
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| Characteristics of SEM | |
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| Widespread Enthusiasm, but with a Cautionary Tale | |
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| Family History and a Reminder about Context | |
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| Extended Latent Variable Families | |
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| Plan of the Book | |
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| Summary | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Multiple Regression | |
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| Partial Correlation and Part Correlation | |
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| Other Bivariate Correlations | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| Statistical Tests | |
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| Bootstrapping | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Data Preparation | |
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| Forms of Input Data | |
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| Positive Definiteness | |
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| Data Screening | |
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| Selecting Good Measures and Reporting about Them | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Computer Tools | |
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| Ease of Use, Not Suspension of Judgment | |
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| Human-Computer Interaction | |
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| Core SEM Programs and Book Website Resources | |
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| Other Computer Tools | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Core Techniques | |
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| Specification | |
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| Steps of SEM | |
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| Model Diagram Symbols | |
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| Specification Concepts | |
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| Path Analysis Models | |
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| CFA Models | |
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| Structural Regression Models | |
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| Exploratory SEM | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Identification | |
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| General Requirements | |
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| Unique Estimates | |
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| Rule for Recursive Structural Models | |
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| Rules for Standard CFA Models | |
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| Rules for Nonstandard CFA Models | |
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| Rules for SR Models | |
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| A Healthy Perspective on Identification | |
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| Empirical Underidentification | |
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| Managing Identification Problems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Appendix 6.A. Evaluation of the Rank Condition | |
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| Estimation | |
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| Maximum Likelihood Estimation | |
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| Detailed Example | |
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| Brief Example with a Start Value Problem | |
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| Fitting Models to Correlation Matrices | |
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| Alternative Estimators | |
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| A Healthy Perspective on Estimation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Appendix 7.A Start Value Suggestions for Structural Models | |
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| Appendix 7.B Effect Decomposition in Nonrecursive Models and the Equilibrium Assumption | |
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| Appendix 7.C Corrected Proportions of Explained Variance for Nonrecursive Models | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Eyes on the Prize | |
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| State of Practice, State of Mind | |
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| A Healthy Perspective on Fit Statistics | |
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| Types of Fit Statistics and "Golden Rules" | |
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| Model Chi-Square | |
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| Approximate Fit Indexes | |
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| Visual Summaries of Fit | |
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| Recommended Approach to Model Fit Evaluation | |
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| Detailed Example | |
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| Testing Hierarchical Models | |
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| Comparing Nonhierarchical Models | |
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| Power Analysis | |
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| Equivalent and Near-Equivalent Models | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Measurement Models and Confirmatory Factor Analysis | |
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| Naming and Reification Fallacies | |
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| Estimation of CFA Models | |
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| Detailed Example | |
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| Respecification of Measurement Models | |
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| Special Topics and Tests | |
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| Items as Indicators and Other Methods for Analyzing Items | |
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| Estimated Factor Scores | |
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| Equivalent CFA Models | |
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| Hierarchical CFA Models | |
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| Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data | |
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| Measurement Invariance and Multiple-Sample CFA | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Appendix 9.A Start Value Suggestions for Measurement Models | |
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| Appendix 9.B Constraint Interaction in Measurement Models | |
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| Structural Regression Models | |
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| Analyzing SR Models | |
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| Estimation of SR Models | |
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| Detailed Example | |
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| Equivalent SR Models | |
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| Single Indicators in Partially Latent SR Models | |
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| Cause Indicators and Formative Measurement | |
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| Invariance Testing of SR Models | |
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| Reporting Results of SEM Analyses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Appendix 10.A Constraint Interaction in SR Models | |
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| Advanced Techniques, Avoiding Mistakes | |
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| Mean Structures and Latent Growth Models | |
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| Logic of Mean Structures | |
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| Identification of Mean Structures | |
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| Estimation of Mean Structures | |
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| Latent Growth Models | |
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| Structured Means in Measurement Models | |
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| MIMIC Models as an Alternative to Multiple-Sample Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Interaction Effects and Multilevel SEM | |
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| Interaction Effects of Observed Variables | |
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| Interaction Effects in Path Models | |
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| Mediation and Moderation Together | |
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| Interactive Effects of Latent Variables | |
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| Estimation with the Kenny-Judd Method | |
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| Alternative Estimation Methods | |
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| Rationale of Multilevel Analysis | |
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| Basic Multilevel Techniques | |
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| Convergence of SEM and MLM | |
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| Multilevel SEM | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| How to Fool Yourself with SEM | |
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| Tripping at the Starting Line: Specification | |
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| Improper Care and Feeding: Data | |
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| Checking Critical Judgment at the Door: Analysis and Respecification | |
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| The Garden Path: Interpretation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Suggested Answers to Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |
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| About the Author | |