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Preface | |
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Introduction to GNSS Antenna Performance Parameters | |
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Role of an Antenna in GNSS and its Key Requirements | |
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Summary of Satellite Navigation Systems | |
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GNSS | |
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Regional Satellite Navigation Systems | |
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Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems | |
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Polarization and Radiation Pattern of a GNSS Antenna | |
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Polarization Efficiency and Polarization Mismatch Loss | |
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Effect of Axial Ratio on the Reception of Satellite Signals by the Receiving Antenna | |
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Effect of Axial Ratio of a GNSS Antenna on Reception of Different Types of Multipath Signals | |
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Directivity and Gain of a GNSS Antenna | |
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RHCP Gain of a GNSS Antenna for an Optimum Radiation Pattern Denned by Its Low Elevation Masking Angle | |
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Relationship between Beamwidth, Aperture Size, and Directive Gain of a GNSS Antenna | |
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Effect of Minimum Gain Beamwidth and Antenna Pattern Contour on GDOP | |
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Phase Center of a GNSS Antenna | |
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Carrier Phase Windup | |
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Group Delay Variation in GNSS Antennas | |
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Requirements for Group Delay Variation with Frequency | |
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Group Delay Variation with Aspect Angle | |
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Propagation and Multipath Errors in GNSS Measurements | |
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Antenna-Induced Errors in GNSS Measurements | |
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Group Delay Error | |
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Phase Center Error | |
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Carrier Phase Windup Error | |
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Differencing Techniques for Removal of Bias Errors in GNSS Measurements | |
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Differencing of GPS Data for Removal of Antenna-Induced Carrier Phase Errors | |
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Differential GPS and RTK Measurements | |
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Techniques for Removal and Estimation of Carrier Phase Windup Errors Caused by a Rotating Antenna | |
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The Susceptibility of a Commercial GPS C/A Code Receiver to Interference and Jamming | |
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LightSquared Transmissions | |
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Civil GPS Jammers | |
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Architecture of a GNSS Receiver | |
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Software Denned Radio (SDR) | |
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Effects of Interference and Jamming on Tracking Loop Thresholds of a GPS Receiver | |
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Carrier to Noise Ratio of an Antenna and Receiver Front End at "Masking Elevation" of 5 in the GPS and Galileo Frequency Bands for Quiescent Conditions (Absence of Interference or Jamming) | |
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Effective Carrier-to-Noise Ratio in the Presence of Interference or Jamming | |
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Effects of Jamming or Interference on a GPS Commercial C/A Code Receiver | |
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References | |
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FRPAs and High-Gain Directional Antennas | |
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Categories of GNSS Antennas | |
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FRPA | |
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Microstrip Antennas | |
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Selection of the Dielectric Substrate for Microstrip Antennas | |
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Effects of Surface Waves on Microstrip GNSS Antennas | |
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Design of Dual-Probe-Fed RHCP Single-Band Microstrip GNSS Antenna | |
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A Parametric Study of a Single-Band RHCP Square-Shaped Microstrip Antenna | |
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GNSS Dual-Band Stacked Microstrip Patch Antennas | |
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Feed Techniques for Generating RHCP in GNSS Microstrip Antennas | |
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Circular RHCP Microstrip Antenna | |
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Annular Ring RHCP GNSS Microstrip Antenna | |
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Mutual Coupling Effects in GNSS Microstrip Antenna | |
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Phase and Group Delays in GNSS Microstrip Antennas | |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas for GNSS Applications | |
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Quadrifilar Helix Antenna | |
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Self-Phasing QHA | |
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Externally Phased QHA | |
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A Summary of the Advantages and Disadvantages of QHAs for GNSS | |
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Hexafilar Slot Antenna for GPS | |
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Planar and Drooping Bow-Tie Turnstile Antennas for GNSS | |
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End-Fire Array of Turnstile Antennas for Multipath Limitation | |
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Directional GNSS Antennas | |
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Helical Antennas | |
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Helibowl Multipath Limiting Antenna | |
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Hemispherical Helix Antenna and Its Use in a GPS Beamforming Array | |
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High-Gain Reflector Antennas for Monitoring GNSS Signals | |
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Beamforming Antenna Arrays | |
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References | |
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Multiband, Handset, and Active GNSS Antennas | |
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Introduction | |
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Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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Current and New Satellite Navigations Systems | |
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Advantages Offered by Multiple GNSS | |
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Current Technology for Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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Performance Requirements for Geodetic-Grade Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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Phase Center Stability Requirements and Calibration of Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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Multipath Rejection Ratio and FBR | |
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Size and Weight Requirements for Rover Antennas Used in DGPS and RTK | |
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Geodetic-Grade Multiband GNSS Antennas Using New Ground Plane Technology | |
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Wideband 2D GNSS Cutoff and Noncutoff Corrugated Ground Planes | |
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NovAtel GNSS-750 and Leica AR25 Wideband GNSS Antenna with Hemispherical Choke-Ring Ground Plane | |
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Trimble's Zephyr Geodetic 2 GNSS Antenna with Resistivity Tapered Ground Plane | |
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Wideband and Low-Profile GNSS Antenna on an AMC/EBG Ground Plane | |
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GNSS Geodetic-Grade Antennas Based on Spiral Antenna Technology | |
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Introduction to the Design of Spiral Antennas | |
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Roke Manor's GNSS Multiband Cavity-Backed Archimedean Four-Arm Spiral Antenna with a Special Ground Plane | |
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Ultrawideband GNSS Antenna Based on SMM Technology by WEO | |
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NovAtel's GPS-704X Wideband GNSS Pinwheel Antenna | |
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Wideband Conical Spiral Antenna for GPS and Galileo | |
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Microstrip and Other Wideband Antennas Designs for GNSS | |
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Wideband GNSS Microstrip Antenna Covering 1.164 to 1.610 GHz | |
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GNSS Antennas for Handset | |
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Techniques for Locating Wireless Devices | |
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Fundamentals of A-GPS | |
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Design of Handset Antennas: Requirements and Technical Challenges | |
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Size, Appearance, Cost, Weight, and Functionality | |
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Influence of Receiver Chassis on Bandwidth of Cell Phone Antennas | |
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Polarization and Radiation Pattern Requirements of GPS Cell Phone Antennas | |
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Isolation Techniques to Mitigate EMI/EMC Effects on GPS Antennas in Cell Phones | |
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User Effects on Handset Antennas | |
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Representative GPS Antenna Designs Used in Handsets | |
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Dielectric Chip GPS Handset Antennas Using Ceramic and LTCC Substrates | |
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Basic PLFA and Design Variations of a PLFA | |
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Isolated Magnetic Dipole for GPS Handsets by Ethertronics | |
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Coplanar Balanced Dipole Antenna for Handsets by Antenova Ltd. | |
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Miniaturized Ceramic Loaded QHA for Handsets | |
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Active GNSS Antennas and the Use of the G/T Ratio as Its Performance Metric | |
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G/T Measurement of an Active GNSS Antenna | |
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Technique for G/T Measurement of Active GPS Antennas | |
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References | |
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Adaptive GPS Antennas | |
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Introduction | |
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Two-Element Adaptive Array | |
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Theory of Operation | |
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Effect of Bandwidth and Gain for Ideal Antennas | |
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Effect of Dispersive Errors (Channel Mismatch) | |
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Effect of Multipath | |
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Space-Time Adaptive Array | |
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Introduction | |
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Calculating the Adaptive Weights | |
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Frequency-Angle Response | |
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Covariance Matrix Estimate | |
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Dual-Polarized Antenna Array | |
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Performance Measures | |
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Some Traditional Measures | |
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System Performance Measures | |
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Spatial Adaptive Processor | |
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Direction Finding | |
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Array Phase Center | |
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Typical Results | |
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Effects of Temporal Taps | |
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Effects of Temporal Taps for Different Types of Jammers | |
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Effects of Jammer Spacing on Satellite Availability | |
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Maximum Number of Jammers to Null | |
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Frequency-Agile Jammers and Stale Weights | |
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Bibliography | |
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Endnotes | |
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Ground Plane, Aircraft Fuselage, and Other Platform Effects on GPS Antennas | |
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Introduction | |
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Microstrip Antenna on a Planar Ground Plane | |
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Planar Ground Plane Effects | |
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Mitigation of Ground Plane Effects on Performance of GPS Antennas | |
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Choke-Ring Ground Plane | |
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EBG Ground Plane | |
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Rolled Edge Ground Plane | |
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Resistivity Tapered Ground Plane | |
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Radiation Patterns of Aircraft Mounted GPS Microstrip Antennas and Verification Through Scale Model Testing | |
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Scale Model Investigations on a GPS Antenna on a Beechcraft 1900C Aircraft | |
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Validation of the Aircraft Newair Code for Predicting Antenna Patterns of Fuselage-Mounted GPS Patch Antennas | |
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Newair Analysis of GPS Antenna on a Boeing 737 Aircraft | |
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Radiation Pattern Analysis of a GPS Antenna on an Automobile | |
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Body Interaction with a Handheld GPS Antenna | |
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References | |
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Measurement of the Characteristics of GNSS Antennas | |
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Introduction | |
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Radiation Pattern Measurements of GNSS Antennas | |
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Near-Field and Far-Field Regions of an Antenna | |
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Indoor Far-Field Antenna Test Ranges | |
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CATR | |
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NF-FF Antenna Test Ranges | |
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Radiation Pattern Cuts | |
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Measurement of Axial Ratio of the RHCP GNSS Antenna | |
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Gain Measurement of a GNSS Antenna | |
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Two-Antenna Gain Transfer Method | |
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Three-Antennas Absolute Gain Measurement Method | |
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Near-Field Spherical Scanning Techniques for Measuring Gain | |
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Measurement of the Bandwidth of GNSS Antennas | |
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Measurement of PCO and PCV of GNSS Receiver Antennas | |
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Microwave Anechoic Chamber Method of Antenna PCV and PCO Calibration | |
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Relative Antenna Calibration by Comparison to a Reference Antenna | |
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Absolute Robot-Based Antenna Calibration | |
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Comparison of the Three Calibration Techniques for Determining PCO and PCV | |
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Automated Absolute Field Calibration of the PCV and PCO of a Satellite Transmit Antenna Using a Robot | |
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Group Delay Variation in GNSS Antennas and Its Measurement | |
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Requirements for Group Delay Variation with Frequency | |
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Group Delay Variation with Aspect Angle | |
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Measurement Techniques for Calibrating Group Delay Variation with Frequency and Aspect Angle | |
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References | |
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Antennas and Site Considerations for Precise Applications | |
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Introduction | |
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Antenna and Site Dependence | |
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Multipath Effects | |
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Monument Effects | |
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Ground Plane Effects | |
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Radome Effects | |
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Measurements and Ionospheric Modeling | |
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Phase Center Measurements | |
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Tracking Performance Measurements | |
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Perfect Antenna Pattern and Method of Realization | |
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Multipath-Limiting Antennas | |
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PCV | |
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Modeling and Measurement Methods of PCV | |
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Group Delay Variation Effects | |
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Methods of Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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Design Stage Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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Manufacturing Stage Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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Field Installation Stage Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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References | |
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About the Authors | |
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Index | |