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| Defenses in Everyday Life | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Study Defenses? | |
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| Defenses Occur Every Day | |
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| What Is a Defense Mechanism? | |
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| Distinction from Coping Mechanisms | |
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| Distinction from Defensiveness | |
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| Defenses as Part of Normal Development | |
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| The Developmental Theory of Defenses | |
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| The Importance of Understanding What Defenses Are and How They Function | |
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| Problems of Defense Assessment | |
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| The Present Book | |
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| General Issues to Be Addressed | |
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| Development of Defenses | |
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| Biological Origins of Defense Mechanisms | |
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| A Theory of Defense Mechanism Development | |
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| Early Research Studying Children and Defense Mechanisms | |
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| The Use of Narrative Material to Study Children's Use of Defenses | |
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| Are Defenses Being Assessed?: The Validity of the DMM | |
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| Understanding a Defense Should Preclude Its Use | |
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| Defense Use in Adolescence | |
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| Defense Use in Adulthood | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| A Closer Look at Three Defenses | |
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| Denial | |
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| Components of Denial | |
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| Denial as Seen in Folktales | |
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| The Development of Two Forms of Denial | |
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| Another Folktale | |
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| Clinical Examples | |
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| The Use of Denial in Projective Stories | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Projection | |
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| Components of Projection | |
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| Projection as Seen in Folktales | |
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| The Development of Projection | |
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| Another Folktale | |
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| Clinical Example | |
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| The Use of Projection in Projective Stories | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Identification | |
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| Components of Identification | |
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| Identification as Seen in Folktales | |
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| The Development of Identification | |
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| The Development of Primary Identifications | |
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| The Development of Secondary Identifications | |
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| Examples of Identification in Literature | |
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| Clinical Example | |
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| The Use of Identification in Projective Stories | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Defense Mechanisms in Action | |
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| Defenses in Childhood: Stress and Psychopathology | |
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| Studies of Children's Defenses in Response to Experimentally Induced Stress | |
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| Children's Defenses in Response to "Real-Life" Stress | |
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| Observational Studies of the Relation between Children's Defense Use and Psychological Problems | |
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| Longitudinal Studies | |
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| Patient Studies | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Stress and Defense Use in Adulthood | |
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| Stress and DMM Defense Assessment | |
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| Other Studies of Stress and Defense Use | |
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| Physiological Concomitants of Defense Use | |
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| "Real-Life" Stress and Defense Use | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Defenses and Personality | |
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| Defenses and Narrow-Band Personality Variables | |
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| Defenses and the Big Five Personality Factors | |
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| Defenses (DMM) and Identity Development | |
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| Other Approaches to the Investigation of Identity and Defenses | |
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| Defenses and Ego Development | |
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| Defenses and IQ | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Gender Differences and Defenses | |
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| The "Masculine" Defenses | |
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| The "Feminine" Defenses | |
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| Gender Differences in Child and Adolescent Defense Use | |
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| The Implications of Defense Use: Gender-Based Differences | |
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| Synthesis | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Studying Defenses over Time: Longitudinal Studies | |
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| Change in Defense Use over Time | |
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| Predicting over Time from Childhood Personality to Later Defense Use | |
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| Predicting over Time from Defense Use to Later Personality/Behavior | |
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| Defenses Predict Personality Change: Narrow-Band Variables | |
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| Defense Use Predicts Big Five Personality Change | |
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| Defense Use Predicts Identity Change | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Defenses and Psychopathology | |
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| Defenses and Psychopathology in Adult Community and Student Samples | |
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| Defenses and Personality Disorders in Nonclinical Samples | |
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| Defenses and Pathological Aggression | |
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| Defenses and Depression | |
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| Defenses and Other Indications of Pathology | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Defenses and Psychopathology in Adult Psychiatric Patients | |
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| Psychopathology and the DMM | |
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| Further Studies of Defense Use by Psychiatric Patients | |
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| Does Defense Use by Psychiatric Patients Differ from That of Nonpatients? | |
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| Can Defense Use Differentiate among Diagnostic Groups? | |
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| Are Specific Defenses Associated with Specific Diagnoses? | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Defenses and Psychotherapy | |
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| Research with Psychiatric Patient Groups | |
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| Comparison of Most Improved and Least Improved Patients | |
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| Comparison of Anaclitic and Introjective Patients | |
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| DSQ Studies | |
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| DMRS Studies | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| "Ben": A Serial Killer | |
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| "Martin": A 10-Year-Old Boy | |
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| Three Females: Before and after Treatment | |
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| "Jim": A Psychoanalytic Patient | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Assessment of Defenses | |
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| Explaining the Defense Mechanism Manual | |
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| Assessment of Denial with the DMM | |
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| Assessment of Projection with the DMM | |
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| Assessment of Identification with the DMM | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Other Approaches to Assessing Defense Mechanisms | |
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| Defense Style Questionnaire | |
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| Defense Mechanism Rating Scales | |
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| A Comparison of the DSQ and the DMRS | |
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| Defense Axis of DSM-IV | |
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| Defense Mechanism Inventory | |
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| Defense-Q | |
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| Life Style Index | |
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| Other Measures for Assessing Children's Defenses | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |