| |
| |
| List of Figures and Tables | |
| |
| |
| Foreword to the Georgetown Classics Edition | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Second Edition | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the First Edition | |
| |
| |
| Transliteration Conventions, Gloss Lines, and Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Where is Arabic spoken? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Varieties of Arabic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aims of this book | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Arabic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arabic as a Semitic language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arabic at the dawn of Islam | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pre-Islamic poetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Koran | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence from the modern Bedouin dialects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The spread of Arabic | |
| |
| |
| |
| The language situation on the eve of the conquests | |
| |
| |
| |
| The early linguistic results of the conquests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Middle Arabic, the modern dialects, and the evolution of Modern Standard Arabic | |
| |
| |
| |
| The contemporary linguistic situation | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phonology | |
| |
| |
| |
| The phonology of MSA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Segmental phonology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syllable structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neutralization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pausal and junctural phenomena | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Secular" and "religious" pronunciation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The phonology of the dialects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Segmental phonology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aspects of suprasegmental dialectal phonology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phonological variation in the dialects | |
| |
| |
| |
| /q/ | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybridization and language level | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phonology and script | |
| |
| |
| |
| MSA phonology and orthography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dialect and orthography | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verb Morphology | |
| |
| |
| |
| General principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Root and morphosemantic patterns: MSA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern I: The root pattern C1C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern II: Lengthen the middle radical = C1C2C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern III: Lengthen the short v between C1 and C2 = C1v:C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern IV: Prefix ? = ?C1C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern V: Prefix t to Pattern II = tC1C2C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern VI: Prefix t to Pattern III = tC1v:C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern VII: Prefix n to Pattern I = nC1C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern VIII: Insert t after C1 = C1tC2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern IX: Lengthen C3 = C1C2C3C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern X: Prefix st = stC1C2C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other patterns: X-XV | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quadriliteral roots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Morphosyntactic patterns of the finite verb: MSA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern I | |
| |
| |
| |
| Augmented patterns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verbal affixes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Morphophonological adjustments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semivowels | |
| |
| |
| |
| C2 = C3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dialectal verb morphology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Losses and gains in inflectional categories and morphosyntactic patterns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Morphosemantic developments in the dialect verb | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noun Morphology | |
| |
| |
| |
| The verbal noun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Participles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other categories of the singular noun | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Primitives" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pluralization by suffixation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Broken plurals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case and definiteness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beyond Root and Pattern: Pronouns and Deictics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Demonstratives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adjectival and pronominal uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Presentative and emphatic uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Textual uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interrogatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temporal, locative and manner deictics | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syntax and Semantics I: Phrase Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| The noun phrase | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Agreement in noun-adjective phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| The construct phrase | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparative constructs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mensurative constructs and numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The verb phrase | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aspect and factuality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mood and modality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time and tense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negation | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syntax and Semantics II: Sentence Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word order | |
| |
| |
| |
| The functions of word order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word order and agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clause order and type | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coordinated sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex sentences | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lexical and Stylistic Developments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foreign borrowing into Arabic | |
| |
| |
| |
| The language academies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protecting the "purity" of the language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adapting Arabic to the needs of the modern world | |
| |
| |
| |
| The language of the media | |
| |
| |
| |
| Periphrastic passives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Agent passives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tendency to nominalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negativization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word order, time reference, and text type | |
| |
| |
| |
| Certain morphosemantic developments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Repetition and parallelism | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language Level | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language levels in Cairo | |
| |
| |
| |
| Level switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monologues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conversation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Co-occurrence phenomena and level | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constraints within p-stem verb phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constraints within the sentence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dialogue and dialect in literature and journalism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Journalism | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Mixed" written style | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Arabic Script | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |