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About the Authors | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Foreword | |
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Introduction and International Regulations | |
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Introduction to Global Navigation | |
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Earlier Days of Navigation | |
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The Science and Art of Navigation | |
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The Arrangement and Use of This Book | |
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Sources of Navigational Information | |
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A Historical Background of International Air Law | |
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The Question of Sovereignty in Airspace | |
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The Paris Convention 1919 | |
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The Havana Convention 1928 | |
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Worldwide International Law | |
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The Warsaw Convention 1929 | |
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The Chicago Conference 1944 | |
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The History of ICAO | |
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The Bermuda Agreement 1946 | |
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ICAO--The Organization Described | |
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The Assembly | |
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The Council | |
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The Secretariat | |
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ICAO Rules | |
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Signals | |
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The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air | |
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Definitions | |
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Transporting Dangerous Goods | |
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ICAO Identifying Codes | |
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Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks | |
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International Airport Identifiers | |
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Earth Reference Systems | |
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Location | |
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LOP and Fix | |
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FRD | |
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Direction | |
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Terms of Direction | |
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Great Circle and Rhumb Line Direction | |
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Distance | |
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Latitude and Longitude | |
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Size and Shape of the Earth | |
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Great and Small Circles | |
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Latitude and Longitude as a Reference System | |
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A Change in the Geodetic Referencing System | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Maps and Charts | |
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Charts vs. Maps | |
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Charts and Projections | |
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Choice of Projection | |
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Classification of Projections | |
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Azimuthal Projections | |
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Cylindrical Projections | |
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Conic Projections | |
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Aeronautical Charts | |
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Scale | |
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DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications | |
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Jeppesen Sanderson | |
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Governments | |
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Study Questions | |
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Basic Navigation Instruments | |
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Introduction | |
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Direction | |
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Basic Instruments | |
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Earth's Magnetic Field | |
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Compasses | |
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Magnetic Compass | |
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Direct Indicating Magnetic Compass | |
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Compass Compensation | |
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Vertical Card Compasses | |
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Magnetic Compass Errors | |
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The Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass | |
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Gyroscopes as Directional Indicators | |
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Gyrocompass Errors | |
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Using the Gyrocompass in the North | |
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Track | |
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Driftmeter | |
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Study Questions | |
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Basic Navigation Techniques | |
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Introduction | |
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Dead Reckoning Navigation | |
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The Running Fix | |
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The Single LOP Approach | |
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Precision Dead Reckoning | |
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Doppler | |
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Explanation of Terms | |
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Plotting | |
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Plotting Procedure, Mercator Chart | |
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Plotting Procedures, Lambert Conformal and Gnomonic Charts | |
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International Trip Planning and Preparation | |
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The Checklist | |
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Planning Resources | |
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DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications | |
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Aeronautical Chart Currency and Updating Information | |
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Jeppesen Sanderson | |
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Planning Services | |
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International Planning Service Providers | |
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Computer Access Services | |
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Additional Resources | |
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Preliminary Planning | |
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International Flight Planning--the Concept | |
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What to Expect Upon Arrival | |
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The International Flight Plan | |
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General Instructions | |
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Itemized Instructions for Flight Plan Completion | |
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Completing the Flight Planning Process | |
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International Flight Planning Services (IFPS) | |
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Readings about International Culture and Customs | |
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Trans-Oceanic and Trans-Wilderness Planning | |
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Flight Planning for the North Atlantic | |
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NAIGON Excerpts | |
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Equipment Requirements | |
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Operational Considerations in Sparsely Settled Areas | |
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North Atlantic Route Planning | |
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ETOPS | |
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North Atlantic MNPS Airspace | |
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Application of Mach Number Technique | |
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Application of Datum Line Technique | |
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Aircraft Minimum Navigational Capability | |
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Flight Planning for the North Pacific | |
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North Pacific Oceanic Route Structure | |
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Tokyo-Honolulu Flexible Track System | |
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Mach Number Procedures | |
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Oceanic Position Reporting Procedures | |
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Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System | |
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Finishing the Planning Job | |
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ETP and the Wet Footprint | |
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International Flight Operations | |
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Operational Considerations for International Flight | |
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Cabotage | |
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Other Entry Requirements | |
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The Nine "Fs" of International Flight | |
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North Atlantic Operational Considerations | |
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Clearances | |
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Obtaining a Clearance | |
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ATC System Loop Errors | |
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Position Reporting Procedures | |
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Time and Place of Position Reports | |
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Position Report Prefix | |
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Contents of Position Reports | |
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Next Position and Time Over | |
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Next Subsequent Position | |
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Transmission of Position Reports | |
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Meteorological Reports | |
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In-Flight Contingencies | |
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International Air Traffic Control Phraseology | |
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MNPSA Operational Considerations | |
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ATC Flight Plans | |
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Special Procedures for In-Flight Contingencies | |
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Procedures for Loss of Navigational Capability | |
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Managing Errors | |
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Conducting the Flight in the MNPSA | |
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Leaving the Ramp | |
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While on Airways | |
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ATC Oceanic Clearance | |
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Approaching the Ocean | |
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Oceanic Boundary Position Report | |
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Reaching an Oceanic Waypoint | |
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Routine Monitoring | |
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Approaching Landfall | |
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Monitoring During Distractions from Routine | |
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Avoiding Confusion Between Magnetic and True | |
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Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliability | |
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North Atlantic Procedures--An Example Flight | |
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Route Planning | |
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Track Planning | |
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PRMS--Preferred Route Message | |
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Preflight | |
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ETOPS Planning | |
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Takeoff and Enroute Alternates | |
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Loading the Nav Systems | |
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From Launch to Coast-Out Point | |
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In MNPS Airspace | |
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In-Flight Emergencies | |
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Nearing the Coast-In Point | |
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Arrival | |
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Flying in Europe | |
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European Air Traffic Flow Management | |
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Organization and Procedures | |
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Flight Plan Filing Requirements | |
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The Slot Allocation Process | |
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The Flexible Use of Airspace Concept Within Europe--Conditional Routes | |
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New Trends and Developments | |
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A Few Words About Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) | |
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Hints for Flying in Europe | |
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Flying Within the European Control System | |
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Example Flight | |
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International Weather | |
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Aviation Weather Information | |
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Meteorological Code | |
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International Surface Reports (METAR) | |
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General | |
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Reporting Type, Time and Reporting Station | |
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Wind | |
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Visibility | |
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Runway Visual Range | |
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Present Weather | |
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Clouds | |
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Temperature and Dew Point | |
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Altimeter Setting | |
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Trend Forecast | |
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Remarks | |
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Airborne Reports | |
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Forecasts (TAFs) | |
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Terminal Forecasts | |
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Volmets | |
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ICAO Annex 3--Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation | |
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Definitions | |
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World Area Forecast System and Meteorological Offices | |
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Inertial Navigation | |
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An Introduction to Inertial Navigation | |
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Principles of Strapdown Inertial Navigation | |
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Introduction | |
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Modes of Operation | |
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Theory of Operation | |
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Accelerometer Principle of Operation | |
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Triple-Axis Navigation Computation | |
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Laser Principle of Operation | |
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The Pilot's Perspective About INS Errors | |
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Loran-C | |
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The Loran-C System | |
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Introduction | |
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Modern Loran-C Aviation Receivers | |
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Theory of Operation | |
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The Loran-C Chain | |
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Chain Geometry | |
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Chain Coverage Area | |
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The Pulse | |
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Received Signal Characteristics | |
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LORAN-C Operations | |
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Notes for Pilots | |
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Historical Notes and the Future of Loran-C | |
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Global Positioning System | |
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GPS System Overview | |
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General System Description | |
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Program Management | |
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System Technical Description | |
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System Performance | |
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Navigation Using GPS | |
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Types of GPS Receivers and Their Applications | |
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GPS Receiver Architectures | |
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Time-To-First-Fix | |
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GPS Specification and Design Issues | |
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System Availability | |
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Positioning Availability | |
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Satellite Selection Criteria | |
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Figure of Merit | |
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Aiding Capabilities for a GPS Receiver | |
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Types of Aiding | |
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Aiding During Acquisition of Initial Track | |
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Aiding to Replace a Satellite Measurement | |
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Aiding to Maintain Satellite Track | |
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Differential GPS | |
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Introduction | |
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Differential GPS Concept | |
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DGPS Implementation Types | |
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GPS Error Sources | |
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GPS as an Attitude Reference System | |
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Concept of Operation | |
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Single and Double Differencing | |
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Interferometry | |
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WAAS and LAAS | |
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Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) | |
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Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) | |
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Flight Management Systems | |
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System Description | |
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Introduction | |
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Navigation Management Functions | |
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Navigation Modes | |
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Database | |
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Guidance | |
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Map Displays | |
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Miscellaneous Functions | |
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Controls | |
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Control Display Unit | |
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CRT | |
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Color Assignments | |
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Alphanumeric Keys | |
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Scratchpad | |
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Line-Select Keys | |
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Function Keys | |
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Annunciators | |
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Brightness Control | |
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Viewing Angle | |
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Navigation | |
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Time | |
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A Concept of Vital Importance to Pilots | |
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The Evolution of the Calendar | |
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The Calendar of Romulus | |
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The Numa Calendar | |
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The Julian Calendar | |
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The Gregorian Calendar | |
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The First Almanacs | |
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The Greek Olympiads | |
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The Hebrew Calendar | |
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The French Revolutionary Decimal Calendar | |
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The Soviet Russia Experiments in Calendar Changing | |
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The Julian Day of the Astronomers | |
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Calendar Improvement | |
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Kinds of Time | |
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Universal Time | |
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Stellar or Sidereal Time | |
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The Earth's Rotation and Universal Time | |
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Ephemeris Time | |
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Length of the Year | |
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The Timekeepers | |
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NBS and USNO | |
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The Bureau International de I'Heure | |
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History of Time Broadcasts | |
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Standard Time Zones and Daylight-Saving Time | |
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How Pilots Know What Time It Is | |
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Time From the Sky | |
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Measuring Time | |
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Apparent Solar Time | |
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Mean Solar Time | |
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Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) | |
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Local Mean Time (LMT) | |
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Relationship of Time and Longitude | |
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Navigation System Errors and Limitations | |
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Risk Management | |
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Navigation System Limitations | |
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The Accuracy Check | |
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The Gross Error Check | |
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Procedures Used to Minimize Errors | |
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Additional Procedures for Error Detection | |
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The Use of a Master Document | |
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Clearances | |
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Position Plotting | |
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Relief Crew Members | |
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Preflight Procedures Aimed at Minimizing Error | |
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Guarding Against Complacency--A Caution | |
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Rare Causes of Errors | |
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More Common Causes of Errors | |
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Hints to Help Avoid Complacency | |
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Celestial Concepts | |
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Celestial Navigation | |
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Celestial Concepts | |
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Motions of Celestial Bodies | |
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Apparent Motion | |
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Seasons | |
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Celestial Coordinates | |
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The Celestial LOP | |
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Observed Altitude | |
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True Azimuth | |
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The Celestial Fix | |
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Duration of Daylight | |
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Altitude Effect | |
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Study Questions | |
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The Future of Air Navigation | |
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FANS | |
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The Present Air Navigation System | |
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Communications | |
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Navigation | |
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Surveillance | |
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Air Traffic Services (ATS) | |
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Need for Change | |
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The Future Air Navigation System | |
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Communications | |
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Navigation | |
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Surveillance | |
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Epilogue | |
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Glossary of Terms | |
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Navigation Terminology | |
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International Operations Terminology | |
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Readings in International Etiquette and Customs ICAO Flight Plan Form (blank) | |
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Index | |