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Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The Special Nature of Our Coasts | |
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The Pressures on the Coastal Zone | |
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The Pressures Exerted by Humans | |
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The Effects of Human Pressure | |
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Public Policy Exacerbates the Pressures | |
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Sustaining the Coast: The Overarching Challenge | |
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The Rationale for Government Intervention | |
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Understanding the Coastal Environment | |
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Defining the Coastal Zone | |
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Types of Coastal Landforms | |
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Time Scales of Change | |
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Coastal Ecosystems | |
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Barrier Islands | |
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Estuaries | |
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Coastal Marshes | |
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Coral Reefs | |
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Rocky Shores and Bluffs | |
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Coastal Forces and Processes | |
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Wind | |
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Waves | |
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Currents | |
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Tides | |
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Hurricanes and Extratropical Storms | |
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Sea Level Rise | |
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Erosion and Accretion | |
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Coastal Organisms | |
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The Great Lakes | |
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Geomorphology | |
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Lake Characteristics | |
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Lake Levels | |
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Lake Stratification and Turnover | |
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Wetlands | |
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Pollution and Toxic Contaminants | |
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Climate Change and the Great Lakes | |
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Conclusions | |
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Coastal Pressures and Critical Management Issues | |
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Land Use Patterns and Human Alterations of the Coastal Zone | |
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Patterns of Ownership and Control | |
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Critical Coastal Management Issues: The Challenge of Sustaining the Coast | |
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Coastal Storm Mitigation | |
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Shoreline Erosion and Sea Level Rise | |
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Strategic Retreat or Coastal Reinforcement? | |
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Protection of Coastal Wetlands and Resourcelands | |
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Protection of Coastal Waters | |
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Energy Development and the Coast | |
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Biodiversity and Habitat Conservation | |
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Marine and Fishery Management | |
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The Coast as a Recreational Commons: Protecting Access to Beaches and Shorelines | |
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Social Equity in Coastal Planning | |
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Coastal Sprawl, Land Use Pressures, and Quality of Life | |
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Private Property versus the Public Interest in Coastal Planning | |
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Conclusions | |
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The Coastal Management Framework | |
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Role of State and Local Governments | |
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Stakeholders in Coastal Management | |
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Conclusions | |
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Federal Coastal Policy | |
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Direct Coastal Policy | |
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Coastal Zone Management Act | |
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A Collaborative Strategy | |
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Coastal Barrier Resources Act | |
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National Marine Sanctuary Program | |
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The National Estuarine Research Reserve System | |
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National Estuary Program | |
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Marine Protected Areas | |
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Federal Environmental Policy That Affects the Coast | |
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National Environmental Policy Act | |
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Clean Water Act | |
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Clean Air Act | |
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Endangered Species Act | |
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National Flood Insurance Program | |
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Federal Disaster Assistance | |
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Beach Renourishment and Shoreline Protection | |
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National Park System | |
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Brownfields | |
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De Facto Coastal Policy | |
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Department of Energy | |
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Internal Revenue Service | |
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Coastal Development Subsidies | |
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Conclusions | |
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State Coastal Management Programs | |
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Overview of State Programs | |
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Shoreline Management and Retreat | |
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Restrictions on Shore-Hardening Structures | |
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Managing Reconstruction | |
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Unbuildable Lots | |
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Building Codes and Construction Standards | |
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Coastal Wetlands Protection | |
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Sea Level Rise | |
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Beach Access and Land Acquisition | |
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Cumulative and Secondary Impacts | |
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Urban Waterfront Development | |
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Special Area Management Plans | |
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Areas of Particular Concern | |
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Marine Debris | |
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Aquaculture, Energy, and Government Facility Siting | |
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Ocean Management | |
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State Case Studies | |
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Maine | |
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North Carolina | |
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Oregon | |
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The Success of the CZMA | |
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Conclusions | |
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Regional Management of Coastal Resources | |
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What Is Regional Management? | |
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The Watershed Protection Approach | |
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Protecting Water Quality from Nonpoint Source Pollution | |
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Defining the Watershed | |
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Principles of the Watershed Protection Approach | |
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Watershed Protection Projects | |
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Special Area Management Plans | |
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The Chesapeake Bay Program | |
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Natural Features of the Chesapeake Bay | |
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A Working Partnership | |
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Chesapeake 2000 Agreement | |
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Toxics 2000 Strategy | |
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Nutrient Reduction in the Bay | |
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The Great Lakes Program | |
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The National Estuary Program | |
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Puget Sound: An NEP Success | |
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The National Marine Sanctuary Program | |
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Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary | |
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The Cape Cod Commission | |
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Conclusions | |
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Local Coastal Management | |
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Toward Sustainable Coastal Communities | |
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Overview of Local Coastal Planning and Management | |
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Managing Coastal Growth | |
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Growth Management: Tools and Techniques | |
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Comprehensive Plans | |
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Conventional Zoning | |
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Setback Requirements | |
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Community Character and Sense of Place | |
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Subdivision Ordinances | |
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Carrying Capacity | |
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Land and Property Acquisition | |
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Taxation and Fiscal Incentives | |
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Capital Facilities and Public Infrastructure Policy | |
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Information Dissemination and Community Awareness | |
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Beyond Growth Management: Broader Community Sustainability | |
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Towards Ecological Cities on the Coast | |
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Green Governance | |
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Ecological Infrastructure | |
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Sustainable Economy | |
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Sustainable Mobility in Coastal Communities | |
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Educating the Public for a Sustainable Future | |
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Impediments and Obstacles to Local Sustainability | |
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Conclusions | |
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Creative Coastal Development: Building Sustainably along the Coast | |
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Environmentally Sensitive Coastal Development Is Not New | |
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Conservation Communities in the Coastal Zone | |
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Ecological Site Design | |
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Building Ecologically but Profitably | |
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Green Buildings in the Coastal Zone | |
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New Urbanism in the Coastal Zone | |
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Equity and Affordability as Key Elements | |
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Redevelopment and Rebuilding: Recycling Coastal Lands | |
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Strategies for Promoting Creative Coastal Development | |
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Conclusions | |
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Conclusions: Future Directions in U.S. Coastal Management | |
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Sustaining the Coast: Looking to the Future | |
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An Essential Federal Role | |
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The Leadership Role of States | |
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Managing the Coast at the Local and Regional Level | |
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A Final Note: Defending a Collaborative Framework for Sustainable Coastal Development | |
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Bibliography | |
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About the Authors | |
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Index | |