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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Essay Contributors | |
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| Introduction: New Approaches for a New Millennium | |
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| The Appearance of Ecosystem Management | |
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| How to Use This Book | |
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| An Overview and the Flow of the Text | |
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| The Conceptual Toolbox | |
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| The Landscape Scenarios | |
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| The ROLE Model | |
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| The ROLE Model Agreement | |
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| The Round Lake Ecosystem | |
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| The Social and Economic Setting | |
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| Special Resources | |
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| Special Interests and Issues | |
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| SnowPACT | |
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| The Snow River Ecosystem | |
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| The Social and Economic Setting | |
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| People, Places, and Interests | |
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| Special Resources | |
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| PDQ Revival | |
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| The PDQ Ecosystem | |
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| The PDQ Region | |
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| PDQ Lands and Land Uses | |
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| Natural Resources and Issues | |
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| Getting a Grip on Ecosystem Management | |
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| The Evolution of Natural Resource Management Toward Ecosystem Management | |
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| A Comparison of Traditional Management and Ecosystem Management | |
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| From Command and Control to Adaptive Ecosystem Management | |
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| The Pathology of Natural Resource Management | |
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| The Need for Resilience | |
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| A Model of Ecosystem Management | |
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| A Closer Look at Ecosystem Management | |
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| Common Misconceptions About Ecosystem Management | |
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| Information, Organizational Behavior, and Command and Control | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Incorporating Uncertainty and Complexity into Management | |
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| Sources of Complexity and Uncertainty in Natural Resource Management | |
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| Environmental Variation | |
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| Biological Variation in Small Populations | |
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| Nonindependence of Events and Interactions | |
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| Uncertainties in the Human Realm | |
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| Dealing with Complexity and Uncertainty | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Ecosystem Management in Policy and Practice | |
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| Adaptive Management | |
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| Adaptive Management: Another Way to Learn | |
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| Active Adaptive Management | |
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| The Glen Canyon Dam | |
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| Idaho Elk Management | |
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| Passive Adaptive Management | |
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| The Northwest Forest Management Plan | |
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| The North American Waterfowl Plan | |
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| Adaptive Management as Documented Trial and Error | |
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| Conditions Necessary for Successful Adaptive Management | |
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| Ecological Conditions | |
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| Socioeconomic Conditions | |
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| Institutional Conditions | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| The Biological and Ecological Background | |
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| Genetic Diversity in Ecosystem Management | |
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| What Is Genetic Diversity? | |
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| A Look at Heterozygosity | |
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| How Is Genetic Diversity Lost? | |
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| The Loss of Genetic Diversity in Small Populations | |
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| Changes in Patterns of Genetic Diversity Among Populations | |
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| The Loss of Allelic Richness | |
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| The Role of Genetics in Conservation and Ecosystem Management | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Issues Regarding Populations and Species | |
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| The Species | |
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| The Roles of Species in Science and Policy | |
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| Viewpoints on Species | |
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| Connecting Populations and Species to Landscapes | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| The Copper River Watershed Project | |
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| Populations and Communities at the Landscape Level | |
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| Single-Species Management | |
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| Extinctions from Deterministic and Stochastic Forces | |
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| PVA and MVP | |
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| Approaches to MVP Estimation | |
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| Some Thoughts on PVA and MVP Estimation | |
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| Metapopulations | |
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| Spatially Explicit Models | |
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| Information Needs for MVP, Metapopulation, and Spatially Explicit Models | |
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| Managing for Species Communities | |
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| The Species Approach | |
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| The Ecological Process Approach | |
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| The Landscape Approach | |
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| The Role of Monitoring in Each Approach | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| The Winyah Bay Focus Area | |
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| Landscape-Level Conservation | |
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| Habitat Fragmentation | |
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| The Loss of Area | |
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| An Increase in Edge | |
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| Increased Isolation | |
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| Mosaic and Matrix | |
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| The Landscape Mosaic | |
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| The Landscape Matrix | |
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| Fragmentation and the Landscape Matrix | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Southern California Natural Community Conservation Planning | |
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| Managing Biodiversity Across Landscapes: A Manager's Dilemma | |
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| Ecosystems or Species? Coarse-Filter and Fine-Filter Approaches | |
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| The Coarse-Filter Approach | |
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| The Fine-Filter Approach | |
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| Blending Coarse-Filter and Fine-Filter Approaches | |
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| Landscape-Level Considerations That Protect Biodiversity and Ecosystems | |
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| Area, Shape, and Isolation | |
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| Movement Corridors | |
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| Working Across Administrative Boundaries | |
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| HCPs: Protecting Biodiversity While Promoting Cooperation | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| The Malpai Borderlands Group: Building the "Radical Center" | |
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| The Human Dimensions | |
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| Working in Human Communities | |
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| The Success Triangle | |
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| Stakeholder Identification and Assessment | |
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| Who Is a Stakeholder? | |
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| Principles of Stakeholder Involvement | |
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| Stakeholder Analysis | |
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| Levels of Involvement | |
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| Techniques for Stakeholder Involvement | |
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| Keys to Successful Collaboration | |
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| Three Little Words | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Collaborative Stewardship: Views from Both Sides Now | |
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| Strategic Approaches to Ecosystem Management | |
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| Characteristics of Strategic Management | |
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| A Simple Strategic Management Model | |
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| The Inventory | |
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| Strategic Thinking | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| The Strategic-Thinking Step | |
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| Mission and Mandate | |
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| Strategy | |
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| Goals | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Problems and Tactics | |
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| Projects | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| If All It Took Was Money, Community-Based Conservation Would Be Easy | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| The Context for Evaluation | |
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| Formative Evaluation | |
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| Characteristics of Formative Evaluation | |
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| Process Evaluation | |
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| Assessing Progress | |
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| Making Adjustments | |
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| Characteristics of Process Evaluation | |
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| Summative Evaluation | |
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| Characteristics of Summative Evaluation | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Participation in Local Government Land-Use Decisions | |
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| A Final Word | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |