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| Preface | |
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| The Scientific View | |
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| Use of Research Methods | |
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| The Scientific Approach | |
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| The Limitations of Intuition and Authority | |
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| Skepticism, Science, and the Empirical Approach | |
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| Goals of Science | |
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| Description of Behavior | |
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| Prediction of Behavior | |
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| Causes and Explanations of Behavior | |
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| Basic and Applied Research | |
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| Basic Research | |
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| Applied Research | |
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| Comparing Basic and Applied Research | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| Developmental Research | |
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| Cultural Research | |
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| Ethical Concerns | |
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| Milgram's Obedience Experiments | |
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| The Principle of Psychological Risk | |
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| Stressful Research With Children | |
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| The Principle of Informed Consent and Deception | |
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| Informed Consent | |
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| Ethical Standards for Research With Children | |
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| Deception | |
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| Debriefing | |
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| Research in Action: Deception and Debriefing Issues | |
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| Institutional Review of Research | |
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| Other Ethical Issues in Research | |
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| Special Concerns Working With Children | |
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| Research Not Involving Informed Consent | |
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| Privacy and Confidentiality | |
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| The Issue of Nontreated Controls | |
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| Origins of Scientific Inquiry | |
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| Sources of Ideas | |
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| Common Sense | |
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| Observation of the World Around Us | |
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| Theories | |
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| Past Research | |
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| Hypotheses | |
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| Library Research | |
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| The Nature of Journals | |
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| Leading Journals in Human Development and Family Relations | |
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| Journals on Human Development | |
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| Literature Searching | |
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| Psychological Abstracts | |
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| Computer-Assisted Searches | |
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| Using Psyclit | |
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| The Internet | |
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| The Key Article Approach to Literature Searching | |
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| Anatomy of a Research Article | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Studying Relationships Between Variables | |
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| Scientific Variables | |
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| Operational Definitions | |
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| Independent and Dependent Variables | |
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| Types of Dependent Measures | |
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| Self-Report Measures | |
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| Behavioral Measures | |
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| Physiological Measures | |
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| Evaluating Dependent Measures | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Reactivity | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Correlational and Experimental Methods | |
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| Types of Relationships | |
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| Positive Linear Relationship | |
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| Negative Linear Relationship | |
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| Curvilinear Relationship | |
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| No Relationship | |
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| Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Studying Relationships | |
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| The Correlational Method | |
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| Direction of Cause and Effect | |
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| Research in Action: A Correlational Study | |
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| The Third Variable Problem | |
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| The Experimental Method | |
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| Experimental Control | |
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| Randomization | |
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| Disadvantages of the Experimental Method | |
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| Artificiality of Experiments | |
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| Research in Action: An Experimental Study | |
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| Ethical Considerations | |
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| Description of Behavior | |
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| Prediction of Behavior | |
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| Descriptive Methods | |
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| Why Conduct Descriptive Studies? | |
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| Qualitative and Quantitative Data | |
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| Research in Action: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches Combined | |
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| Field Observation | |
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| Observations in Natural Settings | |
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| Ethnography | |
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| Features of Field Observation | |
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| Issues in Field Observation | |
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| Steps in Conducting Field Observation | |
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| Advice for the Fieldworker | |
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| Methodological Issues | |
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| Research in Action: Bullies on the Playground | |
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| Systematic Observation | |
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| Coding Systems | |
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| Time and Event Sampling | |
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| Methodological Issues | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Methods | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Archival Research | |
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| Statistical Records | |
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| Research In Action: Archival Research | |
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| Survey Archives | |
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| Written Records | |
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| Content Analysis of Documents | |
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| Survey Research | |
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| Questionnaire Versus Interview | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Nonprobability Sampling | |
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| Probability Sampling | |
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| Critically Evaluating Survey Samples | |
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| Research in Action: The U.S. Census in the Year 2000 | |
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| Constructing Questions | |
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| Defining Research Questions | |
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| Using Closed-Ended Versus Open-Ended Questions | |
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| Wording Questions | |
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| Ordering Questions | |
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| Rating Scales | |
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| Numerical Scales | |
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| Graphic Rating Scales | |
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| Comparative Rating Scales | |
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| Semantic Differential Scales | |
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| Likert Scales | |
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| Potential Problems With Surveys | |
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| Retrospective Memory | |
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| Ethical Concerns | |
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| Panel Study | |
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| Designing Experiments | |
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| Confounding and Internal Validity | |
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| Examining Designs for Threats to Validity | |
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| History | |
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| Research in Action: Confounding | |
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| Maturation | |
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| Testing | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Statistical Regression | |
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| Mortality | |
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| Selection Differences | |
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| Diagramming Experimental Designs | |
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| Poorly Designed Experiments: Pre-Experimental Designs | |
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| One-Shot Case Study | |
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| One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design | |
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| Nonequivalent Control Group Design | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Research in Action: Quasi-Experimental Research | |
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| Well-Designed Experiments | |
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| Posttest Only Control Group Design | |
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| Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design | |
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| Diagramming Designs Revisited | |
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| Developmental and Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Cross-Sectional Research | |
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| Hypothetical Cohort Differences Between 80-Year-Olds and 20-Year-Olds | |
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| Longitudinal Research | |
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| Comparisons of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Methods | |
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| Sequential Designs | |
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| Research in Action: Children of the Depression | |
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| Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Reversal Designs | |
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| Multiple Baseline Designs | |
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| Problems With Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Applications for Education and Counseling | |
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| Conducting Research | |
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| Ethical Considerations | |
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| Obtaining Participants and Sampling | |
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| Sources of Research Participants | |
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| Research in Action: Designing an Intervention Program in a Diverse Community | |
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| Obtaining Consent | |
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| Manipulating the Independent Variables | |
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| Setting the Stage | |
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| Types of Manipulations | |
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| Strength of the Manipulation | |
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| Cost of the Manipulation | |
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| Selecting Dependent Measures | |
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| Sensitivity of the Dependent Measure | |
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| Multiple Measures | |
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| Cost of Measures | |
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| Additional Controls | |
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| Placebo Controls | |
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| Experimenter Expectancies | |
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| Attention Controls | |
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| Research in Action: Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Maturation Control Group | |
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| Debriefing | |
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| Research Proposals | |
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| Estimating Costs | |
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| Pilot Studies and Manipulation Checks | |
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| Using Computers to Conduct Research | |
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| Analyzing and Interpreting the Results | |
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| Communicating Research to Others | |
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| Professional Meetings | |
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| Topics Presented at a Recent SRCD Convention | |
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| Designing and Conducting Research | |
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| Journal Articles | |
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| Electronic Publication | |
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| Practical Considerations in Conducting Research | |
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| The Assessment Process | |
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| Establishing Rapport | |
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| Children | |
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| The Setting | |
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| Working With Children | |
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| Infants | |
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| Preschoolers | |
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| Elementary School-Aged Children | |
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| Older Adults | |
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| Defining the Older Adult | |
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| Working With Older Adults | |
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| Families | |
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| Special Needs Children | |
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| Diversity | |
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| Test Instruments | |
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| Some Widely Used Measures in Developmental and Family Research | |
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| Devising Your Own Test or Using an Existing Measure | |
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| Using Self-Report Measures | |
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| Using Rating Scales | |
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| Research in Action: Social Competence in Preschoolers--Just How Many is a Few? | |
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| Sources of Information | |
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| Sources for Standardized Test Information | |
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| Research in Action: Teacher Ratings Versus Observer Ratings | |
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| Sources for Self-Report Measures | |
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| Sources for Family Measures | |
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| Sources for Personality Measures | |
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| Sources for Demographic Measures | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent Variable | |
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| Increasing the Number of Dependent Variables | |
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| Increasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial Designs | |
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| Factorial Notation | |
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| Interpretation of Effects in Factorial Designs | |
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| Main Effects | |
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| Interaction Effects | |
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| Describing Main Effects and Interaction Effects | |
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| Possible Outcomes of 2 [times] 2 Factorial Designs | |
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| Further Considerations in Factorial Designs | |
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| Subject Variables | |
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| Designs With More Than Two Independent Variables | |
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| Assigning Participants to Conditions | |
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| Assigning Participants to Experimental Conditions | |
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| Independent Groups Designs | |
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| Simple Random Assignment | |
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| Matched Random Assignment | |
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| Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Counterbalancing in Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Assigning Participants to Groups in Factorial Designs | |
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| Choosing Between Independent Groups and Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Examples of Human Development Research Questions | |
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| Age Group Comparisons | |
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| Special Populations | |
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| Family Variables | |
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| Understanding Research Results | |
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| Analyzing the Results of Research Investigations | |
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| Comparing Group Percentages | |
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| Correlating Individual Scores | |
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| Comparing Group Means | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Frequency Polygons | |
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| Histograms | |
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| Descriptive Statistics Versus Inferential Statistics | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Central Tendency | |
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| Variability | |
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| Graphing Relationships | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Probability | |
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| Probability: The Case of the Gifted Baby | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Issues in Decision Making | |
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| Correct Decisions | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Examples of Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Choosing a Significance Level | |
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| Interpreting Nonsignificant Results | |
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| Research in Action: Medical Decisions | |
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| Quantitative Versus Qualitative Results | |
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| Research in Action: The Fort Bragg Demonstration Project | |
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| Statistics | |
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| The t Test | |
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| Research in Action: Happiness in Elderly Citizens | |
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| Statistical Phrases | |
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| Analysis of Variance: The F Statistic | |
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| Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Indexing the Strength of a Relationship | |
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| Graphing Correlations With Scatterplots | |
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| Interpreting Correlations | |
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| Restriction of the Range | |
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| Curvilinear Relationships | |
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| Significance of a Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Spurious Correlations and the Third Variable Problem | |
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| Partial Correlation and the Third Variable Problem | |
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| Correlation Coefficients and the Correlational Method | |
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| Effect Size | |
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| Advanced Correlational Techniques | |
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| Regression Equations | |
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| Multiple Correlation | |
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| Structural Equation Models | |
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| Selecting Statistical Tests | |
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| Research in Action: High School Students in Japan, China, and the United States | |
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| Computer Analysis of Data | |
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| Generalizability | |
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| Generalization as a Statistical Interaction | |
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| The Importance of Replications | |
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| Exact Replications | |
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| Conceptual Replications | |
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| Generalizing to Other Participant Populations | |
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| Volunteers | |
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| Educational Level: College Students | |
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| Age Group | |
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| Diversity | |
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| In Defense of Middle-Class White Families in Developmental Research | |
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| Generalizing to Other Experimenters | |
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| Generalizing to Other Settings | |
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| Mundane and Experimental Realism | |
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| Mutual Benefits of Lab and Field Research | |
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| Evaluating Generalizations: Literature Reviews and Meta-Analysis | |
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| Using Research to Change Communities and Families | |
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| Writing Research Reports | |
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| Writing Style | |
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| Clarity | |
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| Acknowledging the Work of Others | |
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| Active Versus Passive Voice | |
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| Biased Language | |
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| Typing and Word Processing | |
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| Organization of the Report | |
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| Title Page | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Author Note | |
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| Footnotes | |
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| Tables | |
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| Figures | |
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| Summary: Order of Pages | |
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| The Use of Headings | |
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| Citing and Referencing Sources | |
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| Citation Style | |
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| Reference List Style | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Some Grammatical Considerations | |
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| Transition Words and Phrases | |
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| Troublesome Words and Phrases | |
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| Reporting Numbers and Statistics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Sample Paper | |
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| Statistical Tests | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| Statistical Significance Tests | |
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| Chi-Square (X[superscript 2]) | |
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| Analysis of Variance (F Test) | |
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| Analysis of Variance: One Independent Variable | |
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| Analysis of Variance: Two Independent Variables | |
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| Analysis of Variance: Repeated Measures and Matched Subjects | |
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| Analysis of Variance: Conclusion | |
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| Correlation and Effect Size | |
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| Effect Size for the Chi-Square Statistic | |
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| Effect Size for the F Statistic | |
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| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| Random Number Table | |
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| Random Number Table | |
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| Critical Values of Chi-Square | |
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| Critical Values of t | |
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| Critical Values of F | |
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| Critical Values of r | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |