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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| List of Key Symbols | |
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| Measurement, Statistics, and Research | |
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| What Is Measurement? | |
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| Process of Measurement | |
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| Variables and Constants | |
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| Research Design and Statistical Analysis | |
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| Statistical Inference | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Organizing and Displaying Data | |
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| Organizing Data | |
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| Displaying Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Percentiles | |
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| Common Percentile Divisions | |
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| Calculations Using Percentiles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Mode | |
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| Median | |
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| Mean | |
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| Relationships Among the Mode, Median, and Mean | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Keywords | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| Range | |
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| Interquartile Range | |
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| Variance | |
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| Standard Deviation | |
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| Definition Method of Hand Calculations | |
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| Calculating Standard Deviation for a Sample | |
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| Coefficient of Variation | |
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| Standard Deviation and Normal Distribution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Keywords | |
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| The Normal Curve | |
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| Z Scores | |
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| Standard Scores | |
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| Probability and Odds | |
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| Calculating Skewness and Kurtosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Fundamentals of Statistical Inference | |
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| Predicting Population Parameters Using Statistical Inference | |
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| Estimating Sampling Error | |
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| Levels of Confidence, Confidence Intervals, and Probability of Error | |
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| An Example Using Statistical Inference | |
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| Statistical Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Type I and Type II Error | |
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| Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Living With Uncertainty | |
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| Two- and One-Tailed Tests | |
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| Applying Confidence Intervals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Correlation and Bivariate Regression | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Calculating the Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Bivariate Regression | |
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| Homoscedasticity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Multiple Correlation and Multiple Regression | |
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| Multiple Correlation | |
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| Partial Correlation | |
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| Multiple Regression | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The t Test: Comparing Means From Two Sets of Data | |
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| The t Tests | |
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| Types of t Tests | |
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| Magnitude of the Difference (Size of Effect) | |
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| Determining Power and Sample Size | |
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| The t Test for Proportions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Simple Analysis of Variance: Comparing the Means Among Three or More Sets of Data | |
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| Assumptions in ANOVA | |
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| Sources of Variance | |
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| Calculating F: The Definition Method | |
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| Determining the Significance of F | |
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| Post Hoc Tests | |
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| Magnitude of the Treatment (Size of Effect) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Analysis of Variance With Repeated Measures | |
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| Assumptions in Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| Calculating Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| Correcting for Violations of the Assumption of Sphericity | |
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| Post Hoc Tests | |
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| Interpreting the Results | |
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| An Example From Leisure Studies and Recreation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Quantifying Reliability | |
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| Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Standard Error of Measurement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Factorial Analysis of Variance | |
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| A Between-Between Example | |
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| A Between-Within Example | |
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| A Within-Within Example | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Analysis of Covariance | |
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| Relationship Between ANOVA and Regression | |
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| ANCOVA and Statistical Power | |
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| Assumptions in ANCOVA | |
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| The Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design | |
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| Pairwise Comparisons | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Analysis of Nonparametric Data | |
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| Chi-Square (Single Classification) | |
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| Chi-Square (Two or More Classifications) | |
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| Rank Order Correlation | |
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| Mann-Whitney U Test | |
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| Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for Ranked Data | |
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| Friedman's Two-Way ANOVA by Ranks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Clinical Measures of Association | |
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| Relative Risk | |
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| Odds Ratio | |
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| Diagnostic Testing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems to Solve | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Advanced Statistical Procedures | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Multiple Analysis of Variance | |
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| Factor Analysis | |
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| Discriminant Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| Raw Data | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Author | |