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| Preface | |
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| The Context of Lactation and Breastfeeding | |
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| Influence of the Biospecificity of Human Milk | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Colostrum | |
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| Clinical Implications: Allergy and Disease | |
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| Nutritional Components | |
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| Defense Agents | |
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| Can Breastmilk Tell Time? | |
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| Human Milk Fortification | |
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| Milk Treatment and Storage | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Summary Interventions Based on the Biospecificity of Breastmilk | |
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| Human Milk Banks in North America | |
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| Influence of the Maternal Anatomy and Physiology on Lactation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Breast | |
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| Nipple Preparation | |
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| Breast Augmentation | |
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| Breast Reduction | |
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| Breast Anomalies | |
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| Nipple Anomalies | |
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| Hormones of Lactation | |
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| Lactogenesis II | |
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| Lactogenesis III | |
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| Volume of Milk Production Over Time | |
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| The Newborn Stomach | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Summary Interventions Based on the Maternal Anatomy and Physiology of Lactation | |
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| Influence of the Infant's Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Functional Infant Anatomy and Physiology Associated with Breastfeeding | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Tools | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Influence of Peripartum Factors, Birthing Practices, and Early Caretaking Behaviors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Birth Interventions and Breastfeeding | |
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| Maternity Care Practices and Breastfeeding | |
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| Separation | |
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| Crying | |
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| Supplementation | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Summary Interventions Based on Peripartum Factors, Birthing Practices, and Early Caretaking Behaviors | |
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| Infant-Related Challenges to Breastfeeding | |
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| First 24-48 Hours: Common Challenges | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Clinician Influence | |
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| Positioning of the Mother | |
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| Positioning of the Infant | |
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| Latch | |
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| Nipple Shields | |
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| Reluctant Nurser | |
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| Sleepy Infant | |
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| Fussy Infant | |
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| Decision Trees | |
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| Problem of Hypoglycemia | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Summary Interventions on Shield Use | |
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| Situations for Which Shield Use Is Commonly Advised | |
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| Beyond the Initial 48-72 Hours: Infant Challenges | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Neonatal Jaundice | |
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| Hypernatremic Dehydration | |
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| Slow Weight Gain | |
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| Breastfeeding Preterm Infants | |
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| Breastfeeding Late Preterm Infants | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Summary of Interventions for Slow Infant Weight Gain | |
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| Breastfeeding Techniques Useful in Slow Weight-Gain Situations | |
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| Equipment for Use in Slow-Gaining Situations | |
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| Physical, Medical, and Environmental Problems and Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Twins and Higher Order Multiples | |
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| Anomalies, Diseases, and Disorders That Can Affect Breastfeeding | |
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| Syndromes and Congenital Anomalies | |
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| Upper Airway Problems | |
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| Gastrointestinal Disorders, Anomalies, and Conditions | |
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| Metabolic Disorders | |
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| Congenital Heart Disease | |
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| Neurological Diseases, Deficits, Impairments, and Disorders | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Maternal-Related Challenges to Breastfeeding | |
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| Maternal Pathology: Breast and Nipple Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nipple Types | |
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| Sore Nipples | |
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| Engorgement | |
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| Plugged Ducts | |
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| Mastitis | |
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| Breast Abscess | |
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| Additional Breast-Related Conditions | |
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| Additional Reasons for Breast Pain (Mastalgia) | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Summary Questions for Breastfeeding Troubleshooting and Observation | |
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| Questions for Troubleshooting the Underlying Cause of Inflammatory or Infective Processes in the Breast | |
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| Checkpoints for Feeding Observation at the Breast | |
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| Physical, Medical, Emotional, and Environmental Challenges to the Breastfeeding Mother | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physically Challenged Mothers | |
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| Epilepsy | |
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| Maternal Visual or Hearing Impairment | |
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| Insufficient Milk Supply | |
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| Hyperlactation | |
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| Induced Lactation and Relactation | |
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| Overweight and Obese Mothers | |
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| Peripartum Mood, Depressive, and Anxiety Disorders | |
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| Endocrine, Metabolic, and Autoimmune Conditions | |
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| Maternal Employment | |
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| Summary: The Design in Nature | |
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| Index | |