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Preface | |
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About the Author | |
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Introduction | |
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Health | |
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Epidemiology | |
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Transmission of Disease | |
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Descriptive Epidemiology | |
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Analytic Epidemiology | |
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Study Designs | |
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Scientific Method | |
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Biostatistics | |
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Evaluating the Literature | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Data and Descriptive Measures | |
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Data and Related Concepts | |
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Populations, Samples, and Random Sampling | |
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Scales of Measurement | |
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Summarizing and Presenting Nominal and Ordinal Data | |
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Summarizing and Presenting Numerical Data | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Standardizing Rates | |
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Age-Specific Rates | |
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Direct Method of Standardization | |
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Indirect Method of Standardization | |
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Uses of Standardized Rates | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Describing Data with Graphs | |
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Arithmetic-Scale and Logarithmic-Scale Line Graphs | |
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Bar Chart | |
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Pie Chart | |
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Histogram | |
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Frequency Polygon | |
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Area Map | |
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Spot Map | |
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Stem-and-Leaf Plot | |
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Box Plot | |
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Scatter Plot | |
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Population Pyramid | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Life Tables* | |
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Calculation of the Probability of Dying (q<subx</sub>) | |
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Calculation of the Remaining Life Table | |
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Abridging the Complete Life Table | |
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Multiple Cause Life Table | |
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Years of Potential Life Lost | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Probability | |
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Probability Concepts | |
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Mutually Exclusive Events versus Independent Events | |
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Conditional Probabilities | |
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Rule for Multiplying Probabilities | |
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Independent Events | |
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Bayes' Theorem | |
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Clinical Epidemiology | |
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Methods of Sampling | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Random Variables and Probability Distributions | |
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Random Variables | |
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Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables | |
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The Binomial Probability Distribution | |
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The Poisson Probability Distribution | |
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Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables | |
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Normal Probability Distribution | |
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Normal Approximation to the Binomial | |
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Sampling Distribution | |
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Sampling Distribution of the Mean | |
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The Central Limit Theorem | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Estimation and Hypothesis Testing | |
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Estimators | |
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Confidence Intervals for Normal Means and Known Variance | |
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t Distribution | |
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Confidence Intervals for Normal Means and Unknown | |
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Variance 157Confidence Intervals for the Binomial with Large Sample Sizes | |
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Hypothesis Testing | |
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The P Value | |
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Type I and Type II Errors | |
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Research Question about the Mean in One Group | |
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Research Question about a Proportion in One Group | |
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Research Question about Means in Two Separate Groups | |
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Research Question about Proportions in Two Independent Groups | |
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Evaluating Differences Using Error Bar Graphs | |
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Chi-Square Distribution | |
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Research Question about Means in Three or More Groups | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Sample Size | |
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Sample Size Techniques for Analytic Studies | |
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Loss to Follow-Up | |
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Fixed Sample Size | |
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Ways to Minimize Sample Size and Maximize Power | |
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Sample Size Techniques for Descriptive Studies | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Study Designs | |
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Study Design | |
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Cross-Sectional Study Design | |
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Ecologic Study Design | |
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Case-Control Study Design | |
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Cohort Study Design | |
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Nested Case-Control Study Design | |
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Chance, Bias, and Confounding | |
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Chance | |
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Bias | |
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Confounding | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Statistical Measures of Association Among Variables | |
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Classification of Statistical Techniques and Tests by Variable Type | |
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Measures of Association for Two-Level Nominal Exposure and Outcome Variables | |
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Case-Control Study | |
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Cohort Study | |
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Cross-Sectional Study | |
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A Note on the Risk and Odds Ratios | |
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Some Cohort-Based Measures | |
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Sample Size Estimation for the Correlation Coefficient | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Experimental Studies | |
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Experimental Study Designs | |
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Random Assignment | |
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Nonrandom Assignment | |
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Blinding | |
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Designing a Clinical Trial | |
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Other Selected Types of Experimental Studies | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Survival Analysis* | |
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The Life Table Method | |
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The Product Limit Method | |
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Log-Rank Test | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Cause and Effect | |
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Causal Inference | |
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Causal Models | |
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Modes of Disease Transmission | |
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Risk Factors | |
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Web of Causation | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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SAS Procedure Code | |
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Tables | |
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Model Building | |
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Answers to Chapter Exercises | |
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Index | |