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| Foreword | |
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| Preface to the Fourth Edition | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Basic principles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Atomic structure | |
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| Motion in the atom | |
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| MR active nuclei | |
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| The hydrogen nucleus | |
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| Alignment | |
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| Precession | |
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| The Larmor equation | |
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| Resonance | |
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| The MR signal | |
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| The free induction decay signal (FID) | |
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| Relaxation | |
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| T1 recovery | |
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| T2 decay | |
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| Pulse timing parameters | |
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| Image weighting and contrast | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Image contrast | |
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| Contrast mechanisms | |
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| Relaxation in diff erent tissues | |
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| T1 contrast | |
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| T2 contrast | |
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| Proton density contrast | |
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| Weighting | |
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| T2* decay | |
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| Introduction to pulse sequences | |
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| Encoding and image formation | |
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| Encoding | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Gradients | |
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| Slice selection | |
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| Frequency encoding | |
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| Phase encoding | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Data collection and image | |
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| Formation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| K space description | |
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| K space fi lling | |
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| Fast Fourier transform (FFT) | |
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| Important facts about K space | |
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| K space traversal and gradients | |
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| Options that fill K space | |
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| Types of acquisition | |
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| Parameters and trade-offs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Signal to noise ratio (SNR) | |
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| Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) | |
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| Spatial resolution | |
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| Scan time | |
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| Trade-offs | |
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| Decision making | |
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| Volume imaging | |
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| Pulse sequences | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spin echo pulse sequences | |
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| Conventional spin echo | |
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| Fast or turbo spin echo | |
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| Inversion recovery | |
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| Fast inversion recovery | |
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| STIR (short tau inversion recovery) | |
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| FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) | |
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| IR prep sequences | |
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| Gradient echo pulse sequences | |
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| Conventional gradient echo | |
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| The steady state and echo formation | |
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| Coherent gradient echo | |
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| Incoherent gradient echo (spoiled) | |
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| Steady state free precession (SSFP) | |
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| Balanced gradient echo | |
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| Fast gradient echo | |
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| Single shot imaging techniques | |
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| Parallel imaging techniques | |
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| Flow phenomena | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The mechanisms of flow | |
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| Flow phenomena | |
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| Time of flight phenomenon | |
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| Entry slice phenomenon | |
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| Intra-voxel dephasing | |
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| Flow phenomena compensation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Even echo rephasing | |
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| Gradient moment rephasing (nulling) | |
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| Spatial pre-saturation | |
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| Artefacts and their compensation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phase mismapping | |
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| Aliasing or wrap around | |
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| Chemical shift artefact | |
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| Out of phase artefact (chemical misregistration) | |
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| Truncation artefact | |
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| Magnetic susceptibility artefact | |
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| Cross-excitation and cross-talk | |
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| Zipper artefact | |
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| Shading artefact | |
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| Moir� artefact | |
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| Magic angle | |
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| Vascular and cardiac imaging | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Conventional MRI vascular imaging techniques | |
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| Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | |
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| Cardiac MRI | |
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| Cardiac gating | |
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| Peripheral gating | |
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| Pseudo-gating | |
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| Multiphase cardiac imaging | |
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| Cin� | |
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| SPAMM | |
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| Instrumentation and equipment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnetism | |
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| Permanent magnets | |
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| Electromagnets | |
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| Superconducting electromagnets | |
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| Fringe fields | |
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| Shim coils | |
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| Gradient coils | |
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| Radio frequency (RF) | |
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| Patient transportation system | |
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| MR computer systems and the user interface | |
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| MRI safety | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Government guidelines | |
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| Safety terminology | |
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| Hardware and magnetic field considerations | |
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| Radio frequency fields | |
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| Gradient magnetic fields | |
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| The main magnetic field | |
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| Projectiles | |
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| Siting considerations | |
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| MRI facility zones | |
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| Safety education | |
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| Protecting the general public from the fringe field | |
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| Implants and prostheses | |
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| Devices and monitors in MRI | |
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| Pacemakers | |
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| Patient conditions | |
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| Safety policy | |
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| Safety tips | |
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| Reference | |
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| Contrast agents in MRI | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mechanism of action of contrast agents | |
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| Molecular tumbling | |
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| Dipole�dipole interactions | |
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| Magnetic susceptibility | |
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| Relaxivity | |
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| Gadolinium safety | |
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| Other contrast agents | |
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| Current applications of gadolinium contrast agents | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Functional imaging techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Diff usion weighted imaging (DWI) | |
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| Perfusion imaging | |
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| Susceptibility weighting (SWI) | |
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| Functional imaging (fMRI) | |
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| Interventional MRI | |
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| MR spectroscopy (MRS) | |
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| Whole body imaging | |
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| MR microscopy (MRM) | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |