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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Stylin' n' Profilin' | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Richards Story | |
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| David s Story | |
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| Purpose of the Book | |
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| The Cambridge Incident | |
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| Scope of the Problem | |
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| Defining Racial Profiling | |
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| Criminal Profiling | |
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| What's in a Name? | |
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| Experience Is Powerful | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Cases Cited | |
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| Putting Racial Profiling into Context | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vigilante Justice? | |
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| Experience Matters | |
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| A History of Disparate Treatment | |
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| Color by the Numbers | |
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| A Legacy of Racialized Justice | |
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| The Thin Blue Line | |
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| The War on Drugs | |
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| Intensified War Efforts | |
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| Collateral Damage | |
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| Policing and the War | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| References | |
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| What about Congress, Data Collection, and the Court? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Congressional Mandates | |
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| Missouri | |
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| Texas | |
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| Kansas | |
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| Washington State | |
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| Connecticut | |
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| New York | |
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| Police Stop Data | |
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| Data Collection Methods | |
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| Benchmark Data | |
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| External Benchmark Data | |
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| Traffic Surveys | |
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| Internal Benchmarking | |
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| Search Data | |
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| Final Thoughts on Data Collection | |
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| Did the Supreme Court Sanction Racial Profiling? | |
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| The Whren Decision | |
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| Would Have, Could Have, Should Have | |
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| What Would a New Test Look Like? | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Cases Cited | |
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| Phenomenology as Method in Racial Profiling Research | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Framing the Study | |
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| Alternative Epistemology | |
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| The Paradigm Divide | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Inductive and Deductive Reasoning | |
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| Multiple Data Sources | |
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| The Discovery of Meaning | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Selecting Participants | |
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| Advertising | |
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| Screening | |
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| A Portrait of the Participants and Setting | |
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| Treatment of Data | |
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| Analyzing Phenomenological Data | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Experiencing Racial Profiling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Constructing the Stop | |
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| Emotional/Affective | |
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| The Symbolic Vehicle | |
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| Nature of the Traffic Violation | |
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| Officer Demeanor | |
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| Normative Experiences | |
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| Race and Place | |
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| Coercion and Appearance | |
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| Feeling Compelled | |
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| Symbolic Appearance | |
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| Unifying Experience | |
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| Berry's Story | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Referencess | |
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| Trusting the Data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Validity | |
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| Internal Validity | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Face Validity | |
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| Content Validity | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Trustworthiness | |
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| Member Checks | |
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| Triangulation | |
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| Collaboration | |
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| Rich, Thick Descriptions | |
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| Researcher Reflexivity | |
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| Interview Memo | |
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| Setting | |
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| The Interview | |
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| Descriptive Notes | |
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| Reflective Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Striking Revelations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Global Conclusions | |
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| Striking Revelations | |
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| The Stop | |
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| You re Not Supposed to Be Driving Here | |
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| Is It Socioeconomic Class and Not Race? | |
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| The Emotional Roller Coaster | |
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| Symptoms of PTSD | |
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| Symptoms of PTSD: Avoidance and Numbing | |
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| Symptoms of PTSD: Increased Anxiety and Emotional Arousal | |
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| The Symbolic Hooptie | |
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| How Can You Afford That Car? | |
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| Why You Harassin' Me, Man? | |
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| Welcome to My World | |
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| I Think of Young Black Males | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Where Do We Go From Here? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Implications for Police Practice | |
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| Racial Profiling Training | |
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| Cultural Diversity Training | |
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| Fostering Mutual Respect | |
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| Motorist Contacts | |
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| Community Coalitions | |
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| Communication | |
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| Citizen Review Panel | |
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| Citizen Police Academies | |
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| Racial Profiling Policy | |
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| The Pretext Stop | |
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| The Consent Search | |
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| The Police Warrior Culture | |
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| Community Policing | |
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| SARA Problem-Solving Model | |
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| Implications for Citizens | |
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| What to Do When Stopped by the Police | |
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| Summary of What to Do if Stopped by the Police | |
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| If You Are Stopped in Your Car | |
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| Know Your Rights | |
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| Know Reporting Venues | |
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| Get Involved | |
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| Implications for Research | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Other Research Approaches | |
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| The White Male Researcher | |
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| Gatekeepers | |
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| Screening | |
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| Establishing Rapport | |
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| Interview Location | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Cases Cited | |
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| Index | |