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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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A Brief Review of Classical Architecting Methods | |
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Notes | |
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Extending the Architecting Paradigm | |
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Introduction: The Classical Architecting Paradigm | |
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Responding to Complexity | |
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The High Rate of Advances in the Computer and Information Sciences | |
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The Foundations of Modern Systems Architecting | |
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The Architecture Paradigm Summarized | |
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The Waterfall Model of Systems Acquisition | |
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Spirals, Increments, and Collaborative Assembly | |
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Scopes of Architecting | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes and References | |
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Heuristics as Tools | |
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Introduction: A Metaphor | |
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Heuristics as Abstractions of Experience | |
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Selecting a Personal Kit of Heuristic Tools | |
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Using Heuristics | |
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A Process Framework for Architecting Heuristics | |
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Heuristics on Heuristics | |
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A Taxonomy of Heuristics | |
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New Directions | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes and References | |
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New Domains, New Insights | |
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DC-3 | |
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The History | |
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Architecture Interpretation | |
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Three Story Variations | |
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Was the Boeing 247 Successfully Architected? | |
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What Is the "Architecture" of the DC-3? | |
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Art Raymond's Principles | |
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Notes and References | |
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Builder-Architected Systems | |
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Introduction: The Form-First Paradigm | |
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Technological Substitutions within Existing Systems | |
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Consequences of Uncertainty of End Purpose | |
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Architecture and Competition | |
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Reducing the Risks of Uncertainty of End Purpose | |
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Risk Management by Intermediate Goals | |
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The "What Next?" Quandary | |
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Controlling the Critical Features of the Architecture | |
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Abandonment of an Obsolete Architecture | |
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Creating Innovative Teams | |
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Architecting "Revolutionary" Systems | |
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Systems Architecting and Basic Research | |
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Heuristics for Architecting Technology-Driven Systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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Mass and Lean Production | |
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Introduction | |
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An Architectural History of Mass Production | |
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Cottage Industry (1890s to 1910s) | |
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Birth of Mass Production (1908-1913) | |
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Competition from New Quarters (1920s to 1930s) | |
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The Toyota Production System (1940s to 1980s) | |
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Metaphor or Vision Changes | |
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Craftsmen | |
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A Car for the Masses, or If We Build It, It Will Sell | |
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Cars as Fashion | |
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The Supermarket Metaphor | |
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The Toyota Way | |
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Elements of the Architecture of the Ford Production System | |
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The Assembly Line | |
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Enterprise Distribution | |
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Management Processes | |
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Quality Assurance for Distributed Production | |
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Devotion to Component-Level Simplification | |
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Social Contract | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes and References | |
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Manufacturing Systems | |
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Introduction: The Manufacturing Domain | |
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Manufacturing in Context | |
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Architectural Innovations in Manufacturing | |
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Dynamic Manufacturing Systems | |
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Lean Production | |
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Flexible Manufacturing | |
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Heuristics for Architecting Manufacturing Systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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Intelligent Transportation Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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ITS Concepts | |
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ITS Sociotechnical Issues | |
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Who Is the Client for an Architect? | |
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Public or Private? | |
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Facts and Perceptions | |
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Architecture as Shared Invariants | |
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Dominance of Economics | |
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Notes and References | |
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Social Systems | |
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Introduction: Defining Sociotechnical Systems | |
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Public Participation | |
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The Foundations of Sociotechnical Systems Architecting | |
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The Separation of Client and User | |
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Socioeconomic Insights | |
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The Interaction between the Public and Private Sectors | |
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Facts versus Perceptions: An Added Tension | |
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Heuristics for Social Systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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Hierarchical to Layered Systems | |
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Business Background | |
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Motivation for Change | |
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The Layered Alternative | |
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The Pain of the Transition | |
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Results | |
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Software and Information Technology Systems | |
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Introduction: The Status of Software Architecting | |
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Software as a System Component | |
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Systems, Software, and Process Models | |
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The Problem of Hierarchy | |
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The Role of Architecture in Software-Centered Systems | |
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Programming Languages, Models, and Expression | |
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Architectures, "Unifying" Models, and Visions | |
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Directions in Software Architecting | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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The Global Positioning System | |
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The History | |
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The Origins of GPS: The Foundational Programs | |
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Inertial Navigation and Its Limits | |
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Weapon Delivery | |
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The Transit Program | |
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Timation | |
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621B | |
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The Origin of GPS | |
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Parkinson and Currie | |
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The Fateful Weekend | |
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The Long Road to Revolution | |
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The Timeline to Operation | |
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Commercial Markets and the Gulf War | |
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Revolution in the Second Generation | |
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Ubiquitous GPS | |
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GPS-Guided Weapons | |
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Architecture Interpretation | |
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Right Idea, Right Time, Right People | |
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Be Technically Aggressive, But Not Suicidal | |
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Consensus without Compromise | |
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Architecture as Invariants | |
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Revolution through Coupled Change | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes and References | |
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Collaborative Systems | |
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Introduction: Collaboration as a Category | |
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Collaborative System Examples | |
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Analogies for Architecting Collaborative Systems | |
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Collaborative System Heuristics | |
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Variations on the Collaborative Theme | |
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Misclassification | |
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Standards and Collaborative Systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Exercises to Close Part II | |
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Notes and References | |
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Models and Modeling | |
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Introduction to Part III | |
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A Civil Architecture Analogy | |
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Guide to Part III | |
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Representation Models and Systems Architecting | |
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Introduction: Roles, Views, and Models | |
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Roles of Models | |
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Models, Viewpoints, and Views | |
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Classification of Models by View | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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Design Progression in Systems Architecting | |
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Introduction: Architecting Process Components | |
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Design Progression | |
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Introduction by Examples | |
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Design as the Evolution of Models | |
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Evaluation Criteria and Heuristic Refinement | |
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Design Concepts for Systems Architecture | |
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Architecture and Design Disciplines | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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Integrated Modeling Methodologies | |
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Introduction | |
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General Integrated Models | |
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Integrated Modeling and Software | |
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Integrated Models for Manufacturing Systems | |
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Integrated Models for Sociotechnical Systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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Architecture Frameworks | |
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Introduction | |
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Defining an Architecture Framework | |
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Current Architecture Frameworks | |
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Research Directions | |
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Adapting Processes to Frameworks | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes and References | |
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The Systems Architecting Profession | |
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Architecting in Business and Government | |
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Problem-System-Program-Organization | |
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Strategy and Architecture in Business and Government | |
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Architecture of Programs | |
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Strategic Architecting of Programs | |
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Enterprise Architecture | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes and References | |
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The Political Process and Systems Architecting | |
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Introduction: The Political Challenge | |
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Politics as a Design Factor | |
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The First Skill to Master | |
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Heuristics in the Political Process: "The Facts of Life" | |
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A Few More Skills to Master | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Professionalization of Systems Architecting | |
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Introduction | |
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The Profession of Systems Engineering | |
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Systems Architecting and Systems Standards | |
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The Origins of Systems Standards | |
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Commercial Standards | |
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Company Standards | |
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A Summary of Standards Developments, 1950-1995 | |
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| |
Systems Architecting Graduate Education | |
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Curriculum Design | |
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Advanced Study in Systems Architecting | |
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Professional Societies and Publications | |
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Conclusion: An Assessment of the Profession | |
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Notes and References | |
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Heuristics for Systems-Level Architecting | |
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Introduction: Organizing the List | |
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Heuristic Tool List | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes and References | |
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Reference Texts Suggested for Institutional Libraries | |
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Architecting Background | |
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Management | |
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Modeling | |
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Specialty Areas | |
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Software | |
| |
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Systems Sciences | |
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Systems Thinking | |
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On Defining Architecture and Other Terms | |
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| |
Defining "Architecture" | |
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| |
Models, Viewpoints, and Views | |
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Reference | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
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| |
Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |