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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Introduction to Requirements Engineering | |
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| Motivation | |
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| What Is Requirements Engineering? | |
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| You Probably Don't Do Enough Requirements Engineering | |
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| What Are Requirements? | |
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| Requirements Versus Goals | |
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| Requirements Level Classification | |
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| Requirements Specifications Types | |
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| Functional Requirements | |
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| Nonfunctional Requirements | |
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| Domain Requirements | |
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| Domain Vocabulary Understanding | |
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| Requirements Engineering Activities | |
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| Requirements Elicitation/Discovery | |
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| Requirements Analysis and Reconciliation | |
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| Requirements Representation and Modeling | |
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| Requirements Validation | |
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| Requirements Management | |
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| The Requirements Engineer | |
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| Requirements Engineer Paradigms | |
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| Requirements Engineer as Softward Systems Engineer | |
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| Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert | |
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| Requirements Engineer as Architect | |
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| Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert | |
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| Ignorance as Virtue | |
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| Role of the Customer? | |
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| Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering | |
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| Complexity | |
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| Four Dark Corners (Zave and Jackson) | |
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| Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior | |
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| The Danger of "All" in Specifications | |
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| References | |
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| Mission Statement, Customers, and Stakeholders | |
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| Mission Statements | |
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| Encounter with a Customer? | |
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| Stakeholders | |
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| Negative Stakeholders | |
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| Stakeholder Identification | |
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| Stakeholder Questions | |
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| Stakeholder/Customer Classes | |
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| Customer Wants and Needs | |
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| What Do Customers Want? | |
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| What Don't Customers Want? | |
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| Why Do Customers Change Their Minds? | |
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| Stakeholder Prioritization | |
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| Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders | |
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| Managing Expectations | |
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| Stakeholder Negotiations | |
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| References | |
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| Requirements Elicitation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elicitation Techniques Survey | |
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| Brainstorming | |
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| Card Sorting | |
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| Designer as Apprentice | |
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| Domain Analysis | |
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| Ethnographic Observation | |
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| Goal-Based Approaches | |
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| Group Work | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Introspection | |
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| Joint Application Design (JAD) | |
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| Laddering | |
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| Protocol Analysis | |
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| Prototyping | |
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| Quality Function Deployment | |
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| Questionnaires | |
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| Repertory Grids | |
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| Scenarios | |
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| Task Analysis | |
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| User Stories | |
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| Viewpoints | |
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| Workshops | |
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| Elicitation Summary | |
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| Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used? | |
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| Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques | |
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| Elicitation Support Technologies | |
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| Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation | |
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| Mobile Technologies | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| References | |
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| Writing the Requirements Document | |
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| Requirements Representation Approaches | |
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| IEEE Standard 830-1998 | |
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| IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Non-Functional Requirements | |
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| IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Functional Requirements | |
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| Operating System | |
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| Command Validation | |
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| ISO/IEC Standard 25030 | |
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| Use Cases | |
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| Behavioral Specifications | |
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| The Requirements Document | |
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| Users of a Requirements Document | |
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| Requirements Document Requirements | |
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| Preferred Writing Style | |
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| Text Structure | |
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| Best Practices and Recommendations | |
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| References | |
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| Requirements Risk Management | |
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| What Is Requirements Risk Management? | |
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| Requirements Validation and Verification | |
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| Techniques for Requirements V&V | |
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| Goal-Based Requirements Analysis | |
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| Requirements Understanding | |
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| Validating Requirements Use Cases | |
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| Prototyping | |
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| The Requirements Validation Matrix | |
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| The Importance of Measurement in Requirements Verification and Validation | |
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| Goal/Question/Metric Analysis | |
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| Standards for Verification and Validation | |
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| IEEE Standard 830 | |
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| Correctness | |
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| Ambiguity | |
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| Completeness | |
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| Consistency | |
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| Ranking | |
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| Verifiability | |
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| Modifiability | |
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| Traceability | |
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| NASA Requirements Testing | |
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| NASA ARM Tool | |
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| Imperatives | |
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| Continuances | |
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| Directives | |
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| Options | |
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| Weak Phrases | |
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| Incomplete | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Specification Depth | |
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| Readability Statistics | |
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| Summary of NASA Metrics | |
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| References | |
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| Formal Methods | |
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| Motivation | |
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| What Are Formal Methods? | |
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| A Little History | |
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| Using Formal Methods | |
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| Formal Methods Types | |
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| Examples | |
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| Formalization of Train Station in B | |
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| Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using Mur | |
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| Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory | |
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| Example: An Energy Management System | |
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| Requirements Validation | |
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| Theorem Proving | |
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| Program Correctness | |
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| Hoare Logic | |
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| Model Checking | |
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| Objections, Myths, and Limitations | |
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| Objections and Myths | |
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| Limitations of Formal Methods | |
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| Final Advice | |
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| References | |
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| Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies | |
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| Introduction to Agile Methodologies | |
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| Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto | |
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| Extreme Programming (XP) | |
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| Scrum | |
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| Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies | |
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| General Practices in Agile Methodologies | |
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| Agile Requirements Best Practices | |
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| Requirements Engineering in XP | |
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| Requirements Engineering in Scrum | |
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| Writing User Stories | |
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| Agile Requirements Engineering | |
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| Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Tool Support for Requirements Engineering | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Traceability Support | |
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| Commercial Requirements Engineering Tools | |
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| DOORS | |
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| Rational RequisitePro | |
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| Requirements and Traceability Management | |
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| CaliberRM | |
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| QFD/Capture | |
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| Open Source Requirements Engineering Tools | |
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| FreeMind | |
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| Open Source Requirements Management Tool (OSRMT) | |
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| FitNesse | |
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| Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices | |
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| References | |
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| Requirements Management | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Managing Divergent Agendas | |
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| Expectation Revisited: Pascal's Wager | |
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| Global Requirements Management | |
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| Antipatterns in Requirements Management | |
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| Environmental Antipatterns | |
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| Divergent Goals | |
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| Process Clash | |
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| Management Antipatterns | |
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| Metric Abuse | |
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| Mushroom Management | |
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| Other Paradigms for Requirements Management | |
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| Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy | |
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| Requirements Management as Scriptwriting | |
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| Reference Models for Requirements Management | |
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| ISO 9000-3 (1997) | |
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| Six Sigma | |
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| Capability Maturity Model (CMMI) | |
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| IEEE 830 | |
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| IEEE 12207 (2002) | |
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| ISO/IEC 25030 | |
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| A Case Study: FBI Virtual Case File | |
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| References | |
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| Value Engineering of Requirements | |
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| What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering? | |
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| What Is Value Engineering? | |
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| When Does Value Engineering Occur? | |
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| Estimating Using COCOMO and Its Derivatives | |
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| COCOMO | |
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| WEBMO | |
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| COSYSMO | |
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| Estimating Using Function Points | |
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| Function Point Cost Drivers | |
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| Feature Points | |
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| Use Case Points | |
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| Requirements Feature Cost Justification | |
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| Return on Investment | |
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| Net Present Value | |
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| Internal Rate of Return | |
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| Profitability Index | |
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| Payback Period | |
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| Discounted Payback Period | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home, Version 2.0, September 20, 2008 | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |