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| About the Author | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Analytic Table of Contents by Approach | |
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| List of Tables and Figures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Purpose and Rationale for the Book | |
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| What Is New in This Edition | |
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| Positioning Myself | |
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| Selection of the Five Approaches | |
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| Narrative Research | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Grounded Theory | |
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| Ethnography | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Audience | |
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| Organization | |
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| Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Philosophical Assumptions | |
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| A Framework for Understanding Assumptions | |
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| Why Philosophy Is Important | |
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| Four Philosophical Assumptions | |
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| Writing Philosophical Assumptions Into Qualitative Studies | |
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| Interpretive Frameworks | |
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| Postpositivism | |
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| Social Constructivism | |
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| Transformative Frameworks | |
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| Postmodern Perspectives | |
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| Pragmatism | |
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| Feminist Theories | |
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| Critical Theory and Critical Race Theory (CRT) | |
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| Queer Theory | |
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| Disability Theories | |
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| The Practice of Using Social Justice Interpretive Frameworks in Qualitative Research | |
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| Linking Philosophy and Interpretive Frameworks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Designing a Qualitative Study | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| The Characteristics of Qualitative Research | |
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| When to Use Qualitative Research | |
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| What a Qualitative Study Requires From Us | |
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| The Process of Designing a Qualitative Study | |
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| Preliminary Considerations | |
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| Steps in the Process | |
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| Elements in All Phases of the Research | |
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| Ethical Issues During All Phases of the Research Process | |
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| The General Structure of a Plan or Proposal | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Five Qualitative Approaches to Inquiry | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Narrative Research | |
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| Definition and Background | |
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| Defining Features of Narrative Studies | |
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| Types of Narratives | |
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| Procedures for Conducting Narrative Research | |
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| Challenges | |
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| Phenomenological Research | |
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| Definition and Background | |
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| Defining Features of Phenomenology | |
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| Types of Phenomenology | |
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| Procedures for Conducting Phenomenological Research | |
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| Challenges | |
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| Grounded Theory Research | |
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| Definition and Background | |
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| Defining Features of Grounded Theory | |
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| Types of Grounded Theory Studies | |
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| Procedures for Conducting Grounded Theory Research | |
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| Challenges | |
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| Ethnographic Research | |
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| Definition and Background | |
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| Defining Features of Ethnographies | |
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| Types of Ethnographies | |
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| Procedures for Conducting an Ethnography | |
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| Challenges | |
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| Case Study Research | |
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| Definition and Background | |
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| Defining Features of Case Studies | |
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| Types of Case Studies | |
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| Procedures for Conducting a Case Study | |
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| Challenges | |
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| The Five Approaches Compared | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Five Different Qualitative Studies | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| A Narrative Study (Chan, 2010; see Appendix B) | |
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| A Phenomenological Study (Anderson & Spencer, 2002; see Appendix C) | |
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| A Grounded Theory Study (Harley et al., 2009; see Appendix D) | |
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| An Ethnographic Study (Haenfler, 2004; see Appendix E) | |
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| A Case Study (Asmussen & Creswell, 1995; see Appendix F) | |
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| Differences Among the Approaches | |
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| Central Features of Each Approach | |
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| Selecting Your Approach | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Introducing and Focusing the Study | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| The Research Problem Statement | |
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| The Purpose Statement | |
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| The Research Questions | |
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| The Central Question | |
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| Subquestions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Data Collection | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| The Data Collection Circle | |
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| The Site or Individual | |
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| Access and Rapport | |
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| Institutional Review Boards | |
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| Access and Rapport Within the Five Approaches | |
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| Purposeful Sampling Strategy | |
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| Participants in the Sample | |
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| Types of Sampling | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Forms of Data | |
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| Interviewing | |
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| Observation | |
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| Recording Procedures | |
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| Field Issues | |
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| Access to the Organization | |
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| Observations | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Documents and Audiovisual Materials | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| Storing Data | |
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| Five Approaches Compared | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Data Analysis and Representation | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Three Analysis Strategies | |
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| The Data Analysis Spiral | |
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| Organizing the Data | |
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| Reading and Memoing | |
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| Describing, Classifying, and Interpreting Data Into Codes and Themes | |
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| Interpreting the Data | |
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| Representing and Visualizing the Data | |
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| Analysis Within Approaches to Inquiry | |
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| Narrative Research Analysis and Representation | |
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| Phenomenological Analysis and Representation | |
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| Grounded Theory Analysis and Representation | |
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| Ethnographic Analysis and Representation | |
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| Case Study Analysis and Representation | |
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| Comparing the Five Approaches | |
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| Computer Use in Qualitative Data Analysis | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| A Sampling of Computer Programs | |
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| Use of Computer Sofware Programs With the Five Approaches | |
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| How to Choose Among the Computer Programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Writing a Qualitative Study | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Several Writing Strategies | |
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| Reflexivity and Representations in Writing | |
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| Audience for Our Writings | |
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| Encoding Our Writings | |
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| Quotes in Our Writings | |
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| Overall and Embedded Writing Strategies | |
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| Narrative Writing Structure | |
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| Overall Structure | |
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| Embedded Structure | |
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| Phenomenological Writing Structure | |
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| Overall Structure | |
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| Embedded Structure | |
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| Grounded Theory Writing Structure | |
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| Overall Structure | |
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| Embedded Structure | |
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| Ethnographic Writing Structure | |
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| Overall Structure | |
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| Embedded Structure | |
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| Case Study Writing Structure | |
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| Overall Structure | |
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| Embedded Structure | |
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| A Comparison of Narrative Structures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Standards of Validation and Evaluation | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Validation and Reliability in Qualitative Research | |
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| Perspectives on Validation | |
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| Validation Strategies | |
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| Reliability Perspectives | |
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| Evaluation Criteria | |
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| Qualitative Perspectives | |
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| Narrative Research | |
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| Phenomenological Research | |
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| Grounded Theory Research | |
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| Ethnographic Research | |
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| Case Study Research | |
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| Comparing the Evaluation Standards of the Five Approaches | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Exercises | |
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| "Turning the Story" and Conclusion | |
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| Turning the Story | |
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| A Case Study | |
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| A Narrative Study | |
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| A Phenomenology | |
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| A Grounded Theory Study | |
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| An Ethnography | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Exercises | |
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| An Annotated Glossary of Terms | |
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| A Narrative Research Study-"Living in the Space Between Participant and Researcher as a Narrative Inquirer: Examining Ethnic Identity of Chinese Canadian Students as Conflicting Stories to Live By" | |
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| A Phenomenological Study-"Cognitive Representations of AIDS" | |
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| A Grounded Theory Study-"Developing Long-Term Physical Activity Participation: A Grounded Theory Study With African American Women" | |
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| An Ethnography-"Rethinking Subcultural Resistance: Core Values of the Straight Edge Movement" | |
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| A Case Study-"Campus Response to a Student Gunman" | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |