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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Early Accounts of Profiling | |
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Origins of Modern Profiling | |
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The Mad Bomber Case | |
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Metesky and the Media | |
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The Brussel Legacy | |
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Barnum Statements | |
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The Boston Strangler | |
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The Five Areas of Behavioral Profiling | |
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Crime Scene Profiling | |
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Geographic Profiling | |
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Psychological Profiling | |
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Suspect-Based Profiling | |
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Equivocal Death Analysis | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Crime Scene Profiling | |
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Early FBI Profiling Origins | |
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The Behavioral Science Unit and the NCAVC | |
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National Center for Analysis of Violent Crimes (NCAVC) | |
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Two Seminal Articles | |
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Profile Characteristics of Organized VS. Disorganized Offenders as Classified by the FBI in 1985 | |
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Crime Scene Differences Between Organized and Disorganized Offenders as Classified by the FBI | |
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The Douglas and Ressler Interviews | |
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Further Development of the O/D Dichotomy | |
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The Crime Classification Manual | |
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Cult Murder | |
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Crime Scene Profiling Today | |
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Profiling Terminology | |
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Case Linkage | |
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Additional Research on Crime Scene Profiling | |
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Typologies and Profiling | |
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Clinical Versus Actuarial Profiling | |
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Training and Characteristics of Profilers | |
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Accuracy and Usefulness of Crime Scene Profiles | |
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Will New Advances Make Profiling Obsolete? | |
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The Psychological and Cognitive Pitfalls of Crime Scene Profiling | |
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Memory and Cognitive Biases | |
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Confirmation Bias | |
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Self-Serving Bias | |
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Fundamental Attribution Error | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Scientific Approaches to Crime Scene Profiling | |
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Misconceptions About Profiling | |
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Misconceptions and Reality with Respect to Profiling | |
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Making the Case for Scientific Profiling | |
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The Beginnings of Scientific Crime Scene Profiling | |
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Origins of Investigative Psychology | |
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Searching for the Railway Rapist | |
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Investigative Psychology Today | |
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Clinical Versus Actuarial Profiling Revisited | |
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Police Psychology Versus Profiling | |
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Research Questions | |
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The Behavioral Features | |
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Distinguishing Between Offenders and Crimes | |
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Inferring Characteristics | |
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Linking Crimes | |
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The Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (VICLAS) | |
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Psychological Signatures | |
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The Person-Situation Debate | |
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The A → C Equation | |
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What's in a Profile Report? | |
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Behavioral Investigative Analysts in the United Kingdom | |
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Contemporary Theories in Criminology | |
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Implications of Crime Theories for Profiling | |
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Developmental Pathways in Offending Patterns | |
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Application to Profiling | |
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Developmental and Maturation Changes in Offenders | |
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Application to Profiling | |
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Deficient Interpersonal Skills and Peer Rejection | |
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Application to Profiling | |
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Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths | |
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Application to Profiling | |
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Potential Error Problems in Scientific Profiling | |
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Heuristics | |
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Representative Heuristic Errors | |
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Base Rate Fallacy (or Neglect) | |
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Expressions of Uncertainty | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Geographic Profiling and Mapping | |
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Geographic Mapping | |
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Crime Map of Auto Theft Incidents in an Urban Area | |
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History of Crime Mapping | |
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Influences of Environmental Criminology | |
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Contemporary Crime Mapping | |
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Geographic Profiling | |
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Computer-Generated Geographic Profile Map | |
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Theoretical Foundations and Early History | |
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Routine Activity Theory | |
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Awareness Space Paths | |
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Rational Choice Theory | |
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History of Geographic Profiling | |
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Geographic Profiling Software | |
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Measures of Accuracy | |
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Illustration of Profile Error Distance | |
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Key Concepts in Geographic Profiling | |
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Distance Decay | |
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Distance Decay | |
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Illustration of Buffer Zone | |
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Mental Maps | |
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The Circle or Centrality Theory | |
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Centrality Offending Pattern of Serial Rapist | |
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Marauder and Commuter Offending Patterns | |
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Windshield Wiper Effect | |
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Geographic Hunting Patterns | |
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The Basic Assumptions of Geographic Profiling | |
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Case Linkage | |
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Linkage as a Function of Multiple Offenses | |
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Relatively Even Distribution or Wide Dispersion of Offenses | |
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Single, Stable Base of Operations | |
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Relatively Short Time Interval Between Offenses | |
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Crime Series Must Occur Continuously Over Time | |
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ATF Criminal And Geographic Profiling Program | |
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Recent Research on Geographic Profiling | |
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Simple Heuristics May Be Better Than Computer Programs | |
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Mean Error Distance (MM) After Baseline and Retest for the Control, Circle, and Decay Groups, and Crimestat | |
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Computer Models Try to Get Better Through Bayesian Methods | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Profiling Applied to Specific Crimes | |
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Profiling in Child Abduction Cases | |
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The Numbers | |
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Card Teams | |
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AMBER Alert | |
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The Victims | |
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The Offenders | |
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Profiling in Serial Murder Cases | |
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The Numbers | |
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The Victims | |
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The Offenders | |
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Criminal Background | |
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The FBI Serial Murder Symposium | |
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Serial Killer Typologies | |
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The Holmes-DeBurger Serial Killer Typology | |
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Role of the Victim | |
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Profiling in Serial Rape Cases | |
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The Numbers | |
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The Victims | |
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Victim Selection | |
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False Allegations | |
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The Offenders | |
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The Massachusetts Treatment Center Classification System | |
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Massachusetts Treatment Center Classification System | |
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Opportunistic Rapists (Types 1 and 2) | |
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Pervasively Angry Rapists (Type 3) | |
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Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists (Types 4 and 5) | |
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Sexually Motivated, Nonsadistic Rapists (Types 6 and 7) | |
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Vindictive Rapists (Types 8 and 9) | |
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Canter's Levels of Violation and Themes of Rape | |
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Profiling in Serial Arson Cases | |
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The Numbers | |
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The Victims | |
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The Offenders | |
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Firefighter Arson | |
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Fire Investigator-Turned-Arsonist | |
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Juvenile Firesetters | |
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Serial Arsonists | |
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Four Themes of Arson | |
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Pyromania | |
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Profiling Serial Burglars | |
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The Numbers | |
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The Offenders | |
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The Four Themes of Burglary | |
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Pilferers | |
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Raiders | |
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Intruders | |
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Invaders | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Psychological Profiling: A Focus on Threat and Risk Assessment | |
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A Brief History of Psychological Profiling | |
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Threat Assessment | |
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Threat Assessment and School Violence | |
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Profiling School Shooters | |
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Early Warning Signs of Violence | |
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The Safe School Initiative (SSI) | |
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School Threat Assessment Teams | |
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Prediction Table | |
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Adult School Shooters | |
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Decision Tree for Student Threat Assessment | |
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Psychological Characteristics of Student School Shooters | |
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Workplace Violence | |
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Statistics on Serious Workplace Violence | |
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Categories of Workplace Violence | |
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The Warning Signs | |
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Employee Warning Signs of Potential Workplace Violence | |
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Behaviors and Characteristics That May Predict Workplace Violence | |
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Violence Risk Assessment | |
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Dynamic and Static Risk Factors in Prediction | |
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Stalking | |
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Prevalence | |
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Risk Assessment of Stalking Violence | |
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Stalking Typologies | |
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The RECON Typology | |
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Recon Typology | |
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The Mullen et al. Typology | |
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When Does Stalking Usually Stop? | |
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Current Research in the Development of Risk Assessment of Stalkers | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Suspect-Based Profiling | |
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Racial Profiling | |
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The Drug Courier Profile | |
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Terrorism | |
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Who Are the Terrorists? | |
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Profiling Terrorists | |
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Lone Wolf Terrorists | |
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Summary | |
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Passenger Profiling | |
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Early Attempts at Passenger Profiling in the 1970s | |
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Suspect-Based Profiling Based on Behavioral Patterns | |
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CAPPS and CAPPS II | |
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Secure Flight | |
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Terrorist Screening Database (TSDB) | |
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Behavioral Observation Techniques to Detect Suspicious Passengers | |
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Screening of Passenger by Observation Technique (SPOT) | |
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Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST) | |
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Detecting Deception | |
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Police Investigators' Ability to Detect Deception | |
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Promising Approaches to Detecting Deception | |
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Detection of Intent | |
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New Approaches to Detecting Deception | |
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Thermal Imaging | |
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Voice Stress Technologies | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Reconstructive Psychological Evaluation: The Psychological Autopsy | |
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The USS Iowa Case | |
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The Psychological Autopsy | |
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Vincent Walker Foster JR. Case: Death Near the Capitol | |
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Purposes of Psychological Autopsies | |
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Research With Psychological Autopsies | |
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Clinical Practice Applications of Psychological Autopsies | |
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Psychological Autopsies in Legal Cases | |
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Psychological Autopsies and the Military | |
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Suicide by Cop | |
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Autoerotic Asphyxia | |
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The Choking Game | |
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How Psychological Autopsies Are Performed | |
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Operational Criteria for Classification of Suicide | |
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Classification of Suicides by Intent | |
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The Investigative Value of Suicide Notes | |
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Evaluating the Psychological Autopsy | |
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Standardization | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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Profiling in Court | |
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Paths to Admission of Evidence | |
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Standards for Admission of Expert Testimony | |
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The Frye General Acceptance Rule | |
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Illustration of Ohio Court State System | |
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Illustration of Federal Court System, United States | |
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The Daubert Trilogy | |
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Frye and Daubert Summary | |
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Profiling as Expert Evidence | |
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Rachel Nickell's Case: "The Bane of Our Lives" | |
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Profiling-Related Criminal Cases | |
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Profiling Credentials | |
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Consultant VS. Consultant: The Sheppard Case | |
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From the Prison Cell: The Drake Case | |
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Crime Scene Profiling in the Courtroom | |
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Linkage Analysis in the Courtroom | |
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The Pennell Case | |
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The Fortin Case | |
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Motivations of Offenders and Psychological Characteristics | |
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The Masters Case | |
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The Psychological Autopsy | |
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Ultimate Issue Testimony | |
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Summary and Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Photo Credits | |
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Index | |
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About the Authors | |