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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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History and Definitions of Child Maltreatment | |
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Children as Victims | |
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Child Maltreatment Within Families | |
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How Social Conditions Become Social Problems | |
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Discovering Child Maltreatment: The Historical Context | |
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Discovering Childhood | |
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Discovering Child Maltreatment | |
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Defining Child Maltreatment: Understanding the Social Construction-of-Deviance Definitions | |
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Parent-Child Violence: Four Conceptualizations | |
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Legitimate Versus Illegitimate Acts | |
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Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues | |
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Family Support and Training Programs | |
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School-Based Programs | |
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Community Awareness Campaigns | |
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Justice and Protection | |
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Treating Offenders and Victims | |
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Coordinated Community Responses | |
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Summary | |
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Goals of The Book | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Notes | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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The Study of Child Maltreatment: Theoretical and Methodological Issues | |
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Determining the Extent of Child Maltreatment | |
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Official Estimates | |
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National Incidence Study (NIS) | |
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National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) | |
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Self-Report Surveys | |
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Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) | |
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) | |
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Section Summary | |
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Explaining Child Maltreatment | |
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Cultural and Social Structural Antecedents | |
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The Cultural Context | |
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Structural Characteristics of the Family | |
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Low Costs of Child Maltreatment | |
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Etiological Theory: Trying to Understand Abusive Behavior | |
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Social Ecology/Social Bonding Theories | |
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Social Class, Strain, and Frustration | |
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Social Learning Theories | |
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Attachment and Parent-Child Interaction Theories | |
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Psychopathology and Behavioral Traits | |
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Biological Factors | |
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Integrated Theories | |
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Process Theories | |
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Transactional Theories | |
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Section Summary | |
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Methodological Issues: Conducting Better Research | |
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Definitional Ambiguity | |
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Correlation Isn't Cause: Problems Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships | |
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Conducting Experiments | |
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Longitudinal Studies | |
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Comparison Groups | |
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When Correlation Comes Close to Cause: Two Examples | |
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Problems With Samples | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Notes | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Child Physical Abuse | |
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Case History: Kevin Fell Off His Razor | |
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Scope of the Problem | |
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What is Physical Child Abuse? | |
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Legal Perspectives | |
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How Common is Physical Child Abuse? | |
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Official Estimates | |
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Self-Report Surveys | |
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Is the Rate of Physical Child Abuse Increasing? | |
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Section Summary | |
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Searching for Patterns: Victim, Perpetrator, and Social Ecological Characteristics | |
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Demographic Characteristics of Children Who Are Physically Abused | |
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Age | |
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Gender | |
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Socioeconomic Status | |
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Race | |
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Additional Characteristics | |
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Demographic Characteristics of Adults Who Physically Abuse Children | |
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Age | |
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Gender | |
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Relationship to the Abused Child | |
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Psychological and Biological Characteristics of Adults Who Physically Abuse Children | |
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Emotional and Behavioral Characteristics | |
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Biological Factors | |
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Social Ecological Factors | |
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Family Characteristics | |
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Family and Interpersonal Difficulties | |
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Parenting Problems | |
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Section Summary | |
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Consequences Associated With Child Physical Abuse | |
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Effects Associated With the Physical Abuse of Children | |
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Medical and Neurobiological Problems | |
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Cognitive Problems | |
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Behavioral Problems | |
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Socioemotional Difficulties | |
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Psychiatric Disorders | |
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Possible Long-Term Effects of Physical Abuse | |
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Criminal and Violent Behavior | |
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Substance Abuse | |
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Socioemotional Difficulties | |
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Mediators of Abuse Effects | |
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Section Summary | |
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Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues | |
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Intervention Strategies for Child Physical Abuse | |
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Treatment for Physically Abusive Adults | |
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Treatment for Children With Physical Abuse Histories | |
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Family Interventions | |
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Community Interventions | |
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Preventing Physical Abuse of Children | |
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Parental Competency Programs | |
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Community Awareness Campaigns | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Note | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Child Sexual Abuse | |
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Case History: Sashim's Secret | |
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Scope of the Problem | |
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What is Child Sexual Abuse? | |
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Cultural Context | |
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Conceptual Issues | |
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Legal Issues | |
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Estimates of Child Sexual Abuse | |
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Official Estimates | |
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Self-Report Surveys | |
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Is Sexual Abuse Increasing or Decreasing? | |
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Section Summary | |
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Searching for Patterns: Victim, Perpetrator, and Social Ecological Characteristics | |
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Characteristics of Sexually Abused Children | |
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Age | |
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Gender | |
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Characteristics of Individuals Who Sexually Abuse Children | |
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Age | |
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Gender | |
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Relationship to the Abused Child | |
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Social Ecological Factors | |
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Section Summary | |
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Dynamics and Consequences Associated With Child Sexual Abuse | |
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Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse | |
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Types of Sexual Activity | |
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Initiation of Abuse | |
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Maintenance of Abuse | |
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Exploitation Through the Internet | |
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Effects Associated With Child Sexual Abuse | |
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Initial Effects | |
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Long-Term Effects | |
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Explaining the Variability in Effects | |
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Section Summary | |
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Explaining Child Sexual Abuse | |
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Focus on the Abused Individual | |
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Focus on the Offender | |
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Deviant Sexual Arousal | |
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Childhood History of Sexual Abuse | |
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Contemporary Integrative Theories | |
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Focus on the Family | |
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Focus on Society and Culture | |
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Societal Attitudes | |
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Media Depictions | |
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Section Summary | |
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Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues | |
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Basic Issues in Treatment Intervention | |
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Therapy for Child and Adult Survivors | |
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Interventions for Children | |
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Interventions for Adults | |
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Treatment Interventions for Offenders | |
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Medical Approaches | |
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Traditional and Family Systems Approaches | |
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Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques | |
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Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse | |
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Education Programs for Children | |
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The Parental Role in Child Empowerment | |
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Perpetration Prevention | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Child Neglect | |
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Case History: Will and Mark: "Where are the Parents?" | |
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Scope of the Problem | |
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What is Child Neglect? | |
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Current Definitions | |
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Severity of Consequences | |
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Frequency and Duration | |
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Cultural Issues | |
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Forms of Neglect | |
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Estimates of Child Neglect | |
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Official Estimates | |
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Self-Report Surveys | |
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Section Summary | |
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Searching for Patterns: Characteristics of Neglected Children and Their Families | |
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Characteristics of Neglected Children | |
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Age | |
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Gender | |
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Race | |
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Characteristics of Neglecting Parents | |
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Demographic Characteristics | |
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Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics | |
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Social Ecological Factors | |
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Family Structure and Functioning | |
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Socioeconomic Status | |
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Community Integration and Social Support | |
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Section Summary | |
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Consequences Associated With Child Neglect | |
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Developmental Considerations | |
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Social and Attachment Difficulties | |
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Cognitive and Academic Deficits | |
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Emotional and Behavior Problems | |
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Physical Consequences | |
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Long-Term Consequences | |
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Section Summary | |
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Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues | |
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Treatment of Child Neglect | |
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Prevention of Child Neglect | |
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Home Visitation Programs | |
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Programs for Parents With High-Risk Children | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Child Psychological Maltreatment | |
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Case History: Tough Love or Child Psychological Maltreatment? | |
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Scope of the Problem | |
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What is Child Psychological Maltreatment? | |
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Conceptual Issues | |
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Subtypes of Child Psychological Maltreatment | |
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Legal Issues | |
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Estimates of Child Psychological Maltreatment | |
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Official Estimates | |
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Self-Report Surveys | |
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Section Summary | |
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Searching for Patterns: Characteristics of Victims and Perpetrators | |
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Characteristics of Psychologically Maltreated Children | |
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Age and Gender | |
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Other Risk Factors | |
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Characteristics of Psychologically Maltreating Parents | |
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Age and Gender | |
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Psychosocial Qualities | |
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Section Summary | |
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Consequences Associated With Child Psychological Maltreatment | |
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Initial Effects | |
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Long-Term Effects | |
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Methodological Issues Pertaining to Effects Research | |
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Section Summary | |
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Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues | |
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Interventions for Psychologically Maltreated Children | |
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Preventing Psychological Maltreatment | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Note | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Additional Forms of Child Maltreatment | |
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Case History: The Disney World Girl | |
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Children Who Witness Violence | |
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Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Estimates of the Problem | |
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Effects Associated With Children's Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Methodological Issues Pertaining to Effects Research | |
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Interventions for Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Children Who Witness Community Violence | |
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Estimates of the Problem | |
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Effects Associated With Exposure to Community Violence | |
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Interventions for Children Exposed to Community Violence | |
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Section Summary | |
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Peer Violence and Victimization | |
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Sibling Abuse | |
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What is Sibling Abuse? | |
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Forms of Negative Sibling Interaction | |
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Estimates of the Problem | |
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Consequences Associated With Negative Sibling Interaction | |
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Characteristics of Siblings Who Inflict Harm | |
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Bullying | |
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What is Bullying? | |
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Estimates of the Problem | |
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Characteristics of Bullies and Victims | |
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Age | |
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Gender | |
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Psychological Characteristics | |
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Family- and School-Related Factors | |
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Intervention and Prevention | |
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Section Summary | |
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Institutional Child Maltreatment | |
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Estimates of the Problem | |
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Forms of Institutional Child Maltreatment | |
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Consequences Associated With Institutional Child Maltreatment | |
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Responses to Institutional Child Maltreatment | |
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Section Summary | |
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Organized Exploitation | |
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Child Sex Rings | |
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Child Pornography | |
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Child Prostitution | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Note | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Key Issues in Responding to Child Maltreatment | |
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Child Welfare Responses to Child Maltreatment | |
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The Role of Child Protective Services | |
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Out-of-Home Care | |
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Legislation Affecting Child Welfare | |
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Legal System Responses to Child Maltreatment | |
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Children and the Legal System | |
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Prosecuting Individuals Who Abuse Children | |
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Cultural and International Issues in Child Maltreatment | |
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Estimates of Child Maltreatment Outside North America | |
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Cultural Differences and Child Maltreatment | |
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Cultural Sensitivity in Addressing the Problem of Child Maltreatment | |
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Collateral Effects of Child Maltreatment | |
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Impact of Child Maltreatment on Professionals Who Work With Victims | |
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Treatment and Prevention of Collateral Effects of Child Maltreatment | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Controversial Issues in the Study of Child Maltreatment | |
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Concern and Debate About Alleged False Allegations | |
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Childhood Fabrications | |
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Memory Wars: Repressed and Recovered Memories | |
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Is Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IVP) a Form of Child Maltreatment? | |
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Are Some Cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Actually Infanticide? | |
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Justice and Protection Controversies | |
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Mandatory Reporting | |
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Community Notification Laws | |
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Corporal Punishment | |
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Family Preservation Versus Out-of-Home Care | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Notes | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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Advancing the Field of Child Maltreatment | |
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Methodological and Theoretical Limitations and Solutions | |
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Improving on Methodological Limitations to Research in the Field | |
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Debates About Child Maltreatment Definitions | |
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Studying the Causes of Child Maltreatment | |
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Unifying the Field of Child Maltreatment | |
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Competing Claims and Interests of Professionals | |
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The Co-Occurrence of Multiple Forms of Victimization | |
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Comparative Effects of Different Subtypes and Combinations of Child Maltreatment | |
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Additional Areas of Integrative Research | |
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Claims Making Versus Science: Balancing Passion and Empiricism Within the Field of Child Maltreatment | |
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Feeding Public Distrust of Social Science | |
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Feeding the Backlash | |
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Blurring Definitional Boundaries | |
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Achieving Balance | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Recommended Resources | |
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What You Can Do To Help | |
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Condemning Cultural Acceptance of Violence | |
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The Media and Violence | |
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Questioning Culturally Accepted Violence Within the Family | |
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Advocating for a Public Policy Commitment to the Prevention of Child Maltreatment | |
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Financially Committing to Family Protection | |
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Addressing Social Problems That Contribute to Child Maltreatment | |
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Committing to Primary Prevention | |
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Child Maltreatment as a Public Health Issue | |
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Find What Works to Prevent Maltreatment and Invest in It | |
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Joining, Giving, Volunteering, Speaking Out | |
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Becoming a Court-Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) Volunteer | |
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Foster Parenting | |
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Adopting | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Notes | |
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Appendix | |
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References | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |
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About the Authors | |