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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Media, Culture, Society | |
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| Starting Points: Shaping, Mirroring and Re-presenting | |
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| The Communications Process | |
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| Transmitters, Receivers and Noise | |
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| Who Says What and Other Questions | |
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| Linear and One-Dimensional | |
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| Elements of Media in Socio-Cultural Context | |
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| Media, Power and Control | |
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| Media, Identity and Culture | |
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| Making Connections | |
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| Elements Of Media | |
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| Media Technologies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Contrasting Medium Theories | |
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| McLuhan: The Medium is the Message | |
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| Kill Your Television | |
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| Technological Determinism | |
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| Hot, Cool or Both? | |
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| Generalization and Reification | |
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| Technologies and Social Contexts | |
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| Capacities and Constraints | |
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| Into the Digital Age | |
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| Convergence | |
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| Interactivity | |
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| Mobility | |
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| The Internet: A Cure for Social Ills | |
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| Conclusion: Technologies in Context | |
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| Media Industry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Media Organizations | |
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| Commercial Ownership | |
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| Concentration of Ownership = Concentration of Ideas? | |
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| The Bottom Line: Sources of Revenue | |
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| Advertising Revenue | |
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| Direct Audience Payment | |
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| Payments Between Companies | |
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| Maximising Audiences | |
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| The Role of Sponsors | |
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| Governments and Regulation | |
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| Access Restrictions | |
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| Ownership Restrictions | |
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| Content Regulation | |
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| Deregulation | |
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| Supporting the Industry: Copyright | |
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| Conclusion: Economic Determinism? | |
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| Media Content | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Media Texts as Arrangements of Signs | |
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| Signs as Arbitrary? | |
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| Levels of Meaning | |
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| Signs as Relational | |
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| Uncovering Mythology | |
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| Limitations of Semiology | |
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| Narrative, Genre and Discourse Analysis | |
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| Narrative Analysis | |
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| Genre Analysis | |
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| Discourse Analysis | |
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| From Quality to Quantity: Content Analysis | |
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| 'Systematic, Objective and Quantifiable' | |
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| Categories and Coding | |
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| Population and Sample | |
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| Case Study: Gerbner and Television Violence | |
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| Limitations of Content Analysis | |
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| Conclusion: Putting Texts into Context | |
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| Media Users | |
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| Introduction | |
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| US Empirical Traditions of Audience Research | |
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| Effects Research | |
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| Limited Effects and Two-Step Flow | |
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| Uses and Gratifications | |
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| Functionalist and Complacent? | |
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| Cultural Studies: Dominant and Oppositional Readings | |
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| Encoding, Decoding and Preferred Meanings | |
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| Social Context and Differential Readings | |
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| Audiences as Cultural Producers | |
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| Ethnographies of Audiences, Fans and Users | |
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| Conclusion: An Uncritical Celebration? | |
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| Media, Power And Control | |
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| Media As Manipulation: Marxism And Ideology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Marxism and Ideology: Basics | |
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| The Culture Industry as Mass Deception | |
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| Unsupported Elitism? | |
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| Ideological Meanings | |
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| Beyond Marx' Materialism | |
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| Case Study: Consumerist Myths | |
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| Political Economy and Ideology | |
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| Manufacturing Consent | |
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| Cultural Imperialism as Globalization of Ideology | |
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| Arguments and Criticisms | |
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| Political Economic versus Cultural Approaches | |
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| Complex Communication Flows and Consumer Resistance | |
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| Conclusion: Avoiding Easy Dismissals | |
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| The Construction Of News | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Selection, Gatekeeping and Agenda Setting | |
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| News Values | |
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| Case Study: September 11th | |
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| Constructing Stories | |
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| Differences Between Outlets | |
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| Medium | |
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| Style and Market Position | |
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| Political Stance | |
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| Similarities: Back to Bias and Ideology? | |
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| Class Bias | |
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| Institutional Bias | |
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| Infotainment and Depoliticization | |
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| Conclusion: Bad News? | |
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| Public Service Or Personal Entertainment? Controlling Media Orientation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Public Service Broadcasting | |
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| Reith and the BBC | |
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| Differing PSB Arrangements | |
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| Developing PSB Principles | |
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| Enabling or Imposing? | |
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| Censorship: Preventing Harm and Offence | |
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| Avoiding Majority (and Minority) Offence | |
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| Pornography | |
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| Violence | |
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| Preventing Harm or Inhibiting Freedom? | |
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| Commercial Competition and Consumer Choice | |
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| Neo-Liberal Approaches | |
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| US Broadcasting: A Free Market Model | |
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| A Toaster with Pictures: The Decline of Regulation | |
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| Conclusion: A Rosy Commercial Future? | |
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| Decline Of The National Public: Commercialization, Fragmentation And Globalization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Media and the Public Sphere | |
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| Habermas' Public Sphere | |
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| Media and Public Engagement | |
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| Nation as Imagined Community | |
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| Decline of the Public Sphere | |
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| From Facilitators to Shapers | |
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| Commercially Driven Content | |
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| Digital Dilution of the Nation | |
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| Fragmentation | |
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| Globalization | |
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| The Internet: Interactive but Fragmented | |
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| Conclusion: National Public - Good Riddance? | |
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| Media, Identity And Culture | |
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| Media, Ethnicity And Diaspora | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Racism and Exclusion | |
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| Representation | |
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| Under-Representation | |
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| Stereotypical Representations | |
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| The Reproduction of Subordination | |
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| Promoting 'Positive' Images | |
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| Reversing Stereotypes of Passivity | |
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| Successful, Well Adjusted, Integrated | |
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| The Burden of Representation | |
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| New Ethnicities and Diaspora | |
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| New Ethnicities | |
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| Diaspora | |
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| Representing Diaspora | |
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| Audience Segregation | |
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| Newspapers, Video and Global Bollywood | |
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| Digital Specialization | |
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| Online Diaspora | |
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| Conclusion: Empowerment or Ghettoization? | |
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| Media, Gender And Sexuality | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Constructions of Femininity | |
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| Female Marginalization | |
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| The Male Gaze | |
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| Patriarchal Romance and Domesticity | |
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| Post-Feminist Independence? | |
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| The Enduring Gaze | |
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| Elitist Critics | |
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| Empowering Possibilities | |
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| Reading the Romance | |
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| Subversive Pleasures | |
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| From Consumers to Producers | |
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| Remaining Critical | |
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| Media and Masculinities | |
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| Masculinity or Masculinities? | |
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| Lads Mags and Contradictory Representations | |
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| Beyond Heterosexuality | |
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| Conclusion: A Balanced Approach | |
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| Media Communities: Subcultures, Fans And Identity Groups | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Media versus Community | |
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| Homogenization and Atomization | |
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| Resisting Mass Culture (and Media): Youth Subcultures | |
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| Moral Panic and Mass Media Stigmatization | |
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| Targeting Community | |
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| Local Media | |
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| Niche Magazines and Consumer Groups | |
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| Niche Digital Media | |
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| DIY Media and Internet Communication | |
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| Fanzines | |
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| Online Micro-Communication | |
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| Virtual Community | |
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| Communities or Individuals? | |
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| Conclusion: All About Definitions | |
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| Saturation, Fluidity And Loss Of Meaning | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Saturation as Loss of Meaning | |
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| Consumerism: Expansion and Speed-Up | |
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| Information Overload | |
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| Media = Reality | |
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| From Truth, to Ideology, to Simulacra | |
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| Celebrity Culture as Hyperreal | |
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| Identity: Fragmentation and Fluidity | |
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| Recycling and Pastiche | |
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| The Internet As Virtual Playground | |
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| Simulated Identity? | |
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| Internet as Extension of Everyday Life | |
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| Case Study: Social Networking Sites | |
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| Conclusion: Saturated but Real | |
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| Glossary | |