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| Preface to Fourth Edition | |
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| Preface to Third Edition | |
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| Preface to Second Edition | |
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| Preface to First Edition | |
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| Author's Acknowledgements | |
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| Publisher's Acknowledgements | |
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| What do sociolinguists study? | |
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| What is a sociolinguist? | |
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| Why do we say the same thing in different ways? | |
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| What are the different ways we say things? | |
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| Social factors, dimensions and explanations | |
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| Multilingual Speech Communities | |
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| Language choice in multilingual communities | |
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| Choosing your variety or code | |
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| Diglossia | |
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| Code-switching or code-mixing | |
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| Language maintenance and shift | |
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| Language shift in different communities | |
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| Language death and language loss | |
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| Factors contributing to language shift | |
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| How can a minority language be maintained? | |
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| Language revivalt | |
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| Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations | |
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| Vernacular languages | |
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| Standard languages | |
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| Lingua francas | |
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| Pidgins and Creoles | |
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| National languages and language planning | |
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| National and official languages | |
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| Planning for a national official language | |
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| Developing a standard variety in Norway | |
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| The linguist's role in language planning | |
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| Language Variation: Focus on Users | |
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| Regional and social dialects | |
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| Regional variation | |
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| Social variation | |
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| Social dialects | |
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| Gender and age | |
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| Gender-exclusive speech differences: highly structured communities | |
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| Gender-preferential speech features: social dialect research | |
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| Gender and social class | |
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| Explanations of women's linguistic behaviour | |
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| Age-graded features of speech | |
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| Age and social dialect data | |
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| Age grading and language change | |
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| Ethnicity and social networks | |
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| Ethnicity | |
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| Social networks | |
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| Language change | |
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| Variation and change | |
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| How do changes spread? | |
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| How do we study language change? | |
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| Reasons for language change | |
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| Language Variation: Focus on Uses | |
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| Style, context and register | |
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| Addressee as an influence on style | |
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| Accommodation theory | |
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| Context, style and class | |
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| Style in non-Western societies | |
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| Register | |
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| Speech functions, politeness and cross-cultural communication | |
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| The functions of speech | |
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| Politeness and address forms | |
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| Linguistic politeness in different cultures | |
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| Gender, politeness and stereotypes | |
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| Women's language and confidence | |
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| Interaction | |
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| Gossip | |
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| The linguistic construction of gender | |
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| The linguistic construction of sexuality | |
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| Sexist language | |
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| Language, cognition and culture | |
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| Language and perception | |
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| Whorf | |
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| Linguistic categories and culture | |
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| Discourse patterns and culture | |
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| Language, social class and cognition | |
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| Analysing discourse | |
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| Pragmatics and politeness theory | |
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| Ethnography of speaking | |
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| Interactional sociolinguistics | |
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| Conversation Analysis (CA) | |
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| Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) | |
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| Attitudes and applications | |
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| Attitudes to language | |
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| Sociolinguistics and education | |
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| Sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Sociolinguistic competence | |
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| Dimensions of sociolinguistic analysis | |
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| Sociolinguistic universal | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix: phonetic symbols | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |