| |
| |
| Preface to the Third Edition | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is grammar? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grammar and other aspects of language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grammars of English | |
| |
| |
| |
| National and regional varieties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard English and non-standard English | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variation according to use | |
| |
| |
| |
| Descriptive rules and prescriptive rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why study grammar? | |
| |
| |
| |
| How this book is organised | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Parts of a Simple Sentence | |
| |
| |
| |
| How we analyse sentences: Structure, form, and function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subject, predicate, and verb | |
| |
| |
| |
| The operator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Do, Be, and Have | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subject and verb | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subject | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transitive verbs and direct object | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct object and indirect object | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct object and object complement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linking verbs and subject complement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intransitive verbs and adverbials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adverbial complement | |
| |
| |
| |
| The meanings of the sentence elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The basic sentence structures | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word Classes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open and closed classes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word classes and word uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noun classes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genitives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Main Verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regular verbs and irregular verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classes of irregular verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Auxiliary Verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| The passive auxiliary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The progressive auxiliary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The perfect auxiliary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modal auxiliaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| The meanings of the modals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gradability and comparison | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| The meanings of adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gradability and comparison | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Possessive pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflexive pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Demonstrative pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reciprocal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interrogative pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relative pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indefinite pronouns and numerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronoun one | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Central determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predeterminers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Postdeterminers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The articles and reference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prepositions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structures of Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| The phrase types | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noun Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Central determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Premodifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Postmodifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relative clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appositive clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coordination of noun phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noun phrase complexity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions of noun phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verb Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| The forms of main verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tense, person, and number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aspect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expressing future time | |
| |
| |
| |
| The ordering of auxiliaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finite and non-finite verb phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mood | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phrasal verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adjective Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions of adjective phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adverb Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions of adverb phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prepositional Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions of prepositional phrases | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sentences and Clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sentence types | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declaratives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Imperatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exclamatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Active sentences and passive sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Positive sentences and negative sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple sentences and complex sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compound sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subordinate clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-finite clauses and verbless clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions of subordinate clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| There structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cleft sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anticipatory it | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common Usage Problems | |
| |
| |
| Subject-Verb Agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| And, or, nor | |
| |
| |
| |
| With | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collective nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indefinite pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantity phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Singular nouns ending in -s | |
| |
| |
| |
| Who, which, that | |
| |
| |
| |
| What | |
| |
| |
| |
| There is, There are | |
| |
| |
| |
| Citations and titles | |
| |
| |
| Case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subject Complement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coordinated phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| After as and than | |
| |
| |
| |
| After but | |
| |
| |
| |
| After let | |
| |
| |
| |
| Who, whom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case with -ing clauses | |
| |
| |
| Verbs and Auxiliaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problems with auxiliaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lie, lay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Present tense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Past tense and the -ed participle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Past tense and the past subjunctive | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple negation | |
| |
| |
| Adjectives and Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Confusion between adjectives and adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison | |
| |
| |
| |
| Only | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dangling modifiers | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Style in Writing | |
| |
| |
| Emphasis | |
| |
| |
| |
| End-focus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Front-focus | |
| |
| |
| |
| There-structures and cleft sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parenthetic expressions | |
| |
| |
| Clarity | |
| |
| |
| |
| End-weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Misplaced expressions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Abstract nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modifiers in noun phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subordination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parallelism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Repeated sounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronoun reference | |
| |
| |
| Consistency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronoun agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tense consistency | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| English in Use | |
| |
| |
| |
| Register variation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spoken English and written English | |
| |
| |
| |
| The language of conversation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unscripted speeches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sports commentaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Email English | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chatroom English | |
| |
| |
| |
| Text Messages | |
| |
| |
| |
| The language of literature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foregrounding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ambiguity | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Punctuation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Punctuation rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sentence fragments and fragmentary sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Run-on sentences and comma splices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coordinated main clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct speech | |
| |
| |
| |
| Citations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restrictive and non-restrictive apposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adverbial clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vocatives and interjections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using commas to avoid misunderstanding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genitives of nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genitives of pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spelling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spelling, pronunciation, and meaning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spelling variants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spelling rules for short and long vowel sounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Suffixes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prefixes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other aids to spelling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Homophones: Words pronounced similarly | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Index | |