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| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Generative Grammar | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Syntax as a Cognitive Science | |
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| Modeling Syntax | |
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| Syntax as Science - the Scientific Method | |
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| An Example of the Scientific Method as Applied to Syntax | |
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| Sources of Data | |
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| Where do the Rules Come From? | |
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| Learning vs. Acquisition | |
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| Innateness: Language as an Instinct | |
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| The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition | |
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| Other Arguments for UG | |
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| Explaining Language Variation | |
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| Choosing among Theories about Syntax | |
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| The Scientific Method and the Structure of this Textbook | |
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| Summary | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Parts of Speech | |
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| Words and Why They Matter to Syntax | |
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| Determining Part of Speech | |
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| The Problem of Traditional Definitions | |
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| Distributional Criteria | |
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| The Major Parts of Speech: N, V, Adj, and Adv | |
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| Nouns | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Open vs. Closed; Lexical vs. Functional | |
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| Open vs. Closed Parts of Speech | |
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| Lexical vs. Functional | |
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| Some Functional (Closed) Categories of English | |
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| Summary | |
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| Subcategories and Features | |
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| Subcategories of Nouns | |
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| Subcategories of Verbs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Constituency, Trees, and Rules | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rules and Trees | |
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| Noun Phrases (NPs) | |
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| Adjective Phrases (AdjPs) and Adverb Phrases (AdvPs) | |
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| Prepositional Phrases (PPs) | |
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| Verb Phrases (VPs) | |
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| Clauses | |
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| Summary | |
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| How to Draw a Tree | |
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| Bottom-up Trees | |
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| The Top-down Method of Drawing Trees | |
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| Bracketed Diagrams | |
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| Modification and Ambiguity | |
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| Constituency Tests | |
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| Summary and Conclusion | |
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| How to Do Foreign Language PSR Problems | |
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| Doing problems with word-by-word glosses | |
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| Doing problems without word-by-word glosses | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Structural Relations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Parts of a Tree | |
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| Domination | |
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| Domination | |
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| Exhaustive Domination | |
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| Immediate Domination | |
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| Precedence | |
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| C-command | |
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| Grammatical Relations | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Binding Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Notions Coindex and Antecedent | |
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| Binding | |
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| Locality Conditions on the Binding of Anaphors | |
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| The Distribution of Pronouns | |
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| The Distribution of R-expressions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| The Base | |
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| X-bar Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Bar-level Projections | |
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| V-bar | |
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| Adj-bar and Adv-bar | |
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| P-bar | |
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| Generalizing the Rules: The X-bar Schema | |
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| Complements, Adjuncts, and Specifiers | |
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| Complements and Adjuncts in NPs | |
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| Complements and Adjuncts in VPs, AdjPs, AdvPs, and PPs | |
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| The Notion Specifier | |
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| Some Definitional Housekeeping | |
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| Parameters of Word Order | |
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| Drawing Trees in X-bar Notation | |
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| Important Considerations in Tree Drawing | |
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| A Sample Tree | |
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| X-bar Theory: A Summary | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Extending X-bar Theory to Functional Categories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Determiner Phrases (DPs) | |
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| A Descriptive Tangent into Clause Types | |
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| Complementizer Phrases (CPs) | |
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| Tense Phrases (TPs) | |
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| CP, TP, DP Tree | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Constraining X-bar Theory: The Lexicon | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Basic Terminology | |
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| Thematic Relations and Theta Roles | |
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| The Lexicon | |
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| Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle | |
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| Summary | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Movement | |
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| Head-to-Head Movement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Verb Movement (V [right arrow] T) | |
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| French | |
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| Irish | |
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| T Movement (T [right arrow] C) | |
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| Do-support | |
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| Multiple Auxiliaries and Affix-hopping in English | |
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| Multiple Auxiliaries | |
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| Affix-hopping | |
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| Summary | |
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| Tests for Determining if a Language has V [right arrow] T or Affix Lowering | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| DP Movement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Puzzle for the Theory of Theta Roles | |
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| Passives | |
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| Case | |
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| Raising: Reprise | |
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| Passives: Reprise | |
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| Closing Up a Loose End | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Wh-movement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Movement in Wh-questions | |
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| Islands | |
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| The Minimal Link Condition | |
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| Wh-islands and the Minimal Link Condition | |
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| The MLC in DP Movement and Head Movement | |
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| Echo Questions (Wh-in-situ) in English | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| A Unified Theory of Movement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Move | |
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| Explaining Cross-linguistic Differences | |
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| Scope, Covert Movement, and the MLC | |
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| MLC Effects in Wh-in-situ Languages | |
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| English Quantifiers and Scope | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Advanced Topics | |
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| Expanded VPs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Problem of Ditransitive Verbs | |
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| Light Verbs | |
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| Object Shift | |
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| Ditransitives: Reprise | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Raising, Control, and Empty Categories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Raising vs. Control | |
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| Two Kinds of Theta Grids for Main Predicates | |
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| Distinguishing Raising from Control | |
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| What is PRO? | |
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| Two Kinds of Raising, Two Kinds of Control | |
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| Two Kinds of Raising | |
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| Two Kinds of Control | |
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| Summary of Predicate Types | |
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| Control Theory | |
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| Another Kind of Null Subject: "Little" pro | |
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| Summary | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Advanced Topics in Binding Theory | |
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| A Quick Review of Chapter 5 Binding Theory | |
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| Levels of Representation | |
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| The Definition of Binding Domain | |
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| A Miscellany of Domain Violations | |
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| Anaphors | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Sets | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Alternatives | |
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| Lexical-Functional Grammar | |
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| Alternative Theories | |
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| C-structure | |
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| Functions | |
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| The Lexicon | |
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| F-structure | |
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| Why F-structures? | |
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| Assorted Phenomena | |
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| Head Mobility | |
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| Passives | |
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| Raising and Control | |
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| Wh-movement: Long Distance Dependencies | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Set | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Features | |
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| The Lexicon | |
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| Rules, Features, and Trees | |
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| Binding | |
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| Long Distance Dependencies | |
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| Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| General Problem Set | |
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| Challenge Problem Sets | |
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| Conclusions and Directions for Further Study | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |