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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Advice to Readers and Format of the Volume | |
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| Knowledge and Certainty | |
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| Innate Knowledge: Plato, Meno | |
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| Knowledge versus Opinion: Plato, Republic | |
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| Demonstrative Knowledge and its Starting-points: Aristotle, Posterior Analytics | |
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| New Foundations for Knowledge: Ren? Descartes, Meditations | |
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| The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Innate Knowledge Defended: Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding | |
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| Scepticism versus Human Nature: David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Experience and Understanding: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason | |
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| From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness: Georg Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit | |
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| Against Scepticism: G. E. Moore, A Defence of Common Sense | |
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| Does Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? Wilfrid Sellars, The Myth of the Given | |
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| The Conditions for Knowledge: Edmund Gettier, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?.Specimen Questions.Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Being and Reality | |
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| The Allegory of the Cave: Plato, Republic | |
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| Individual Substance: Aristotle, Categories | |
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| Supreme Being and Created Things: Ren? Descartes, Principles of Philosophy | |
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| Qualities and Ideas: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Substance, Life and Activity: Gottfried Leibniz, New System | |
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| Nothing Outside the Mind: George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge | |
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| The Limits of Metaphysical Speculation: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Metaphysics, Old and New: Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena | |
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| Being and Involvement: Martin Heidegger, Being and Time | |
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| The End of Metaphysics?: Rudolf Carnap, The Elimination of Metaphysics | |
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| The Problem of Ontology: W. V. O. Quine, On What There Is | |
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| Why Is There Anything?: Derek Parfit, The Puzzle of Reality.Specimen Questions.Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Language and Meaning | |
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| The Meaning of Words: Plato, Cratylus | |
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| Language and its Acquisition: Augustine, Confessions | |
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| Thought, Language and its Components: William of Ockham, Writings on Logic | |
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| Language, Reason and Animal Utterance: Ren? Descartes, Discourse on the Method | |
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| Abstract General Ideas: John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Particular Ideas and General Meaning: George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge | |
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| Denotation versus Connotation: John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic | |
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| Names and their Meaning: Gottlob Frege, Sense and Reference | |
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| Definite Descriptions: Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Logic | |
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| Non-descriptive Uses of Language: J. L. Austin, Performative Utterances | |
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| Language, Meaning and Context: Paul Grice, Logic and Conversation | |
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| How the Reference of Terms is Fixed: Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity.Specimen Questions.Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Mind and Body | |
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| The Immortal Soul: Plato, Phaedo | |
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| Soul and Body, Form and Matter: Aristotle, De Anima | |
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| The Human Soul: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae | |
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| The Incorporeal Mind: Ren? Descartes, Meditations | |
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| The Identity of Mind and Body: Benedict Spinoza, Ethics | |
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| Mind-Body Correlations: Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics | |
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| Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will: Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea | |
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| The Problem of Other Minds: John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy | |
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| The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena: Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical St | |