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Foreword | |
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Preface | |
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Symbols and conventions | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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Introduction | |
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What Grammar Is and Is Not | |
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Grammar and its role in language | |
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'Good' and 'bad' grammar | |
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Variation in language | |
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English and other languages | |
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Grammar and effective communication | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Getting Started with Grammar | |
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Grammar in prose literature | |
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Grammar in poetry | |
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A taste of morphology: the structure of words | |
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Simple and complex words | |
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Derivational and inflectional suffixes | |
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Summary: the main points of English morphology | |
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Exercises | |
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Analysis | |
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Sentences and Their Parts | |
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Prologue: parts of speech | |
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The hierarchy of units | |
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Grammatical notations | |
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Using tests | |
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Form and function | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Words | |
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Open and closed word classes | |
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The open classes | |
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Closed word classes | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Phrases | |
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Classes of phrase | |
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Main and subordinate phrases | |
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Noun phrases and related phrase classes | |
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The adjective phrase and the adverb phrase | |
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The verb phrase (VP) | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Clauses | |
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Elements of the clause | |
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Complex sentences | |
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Tensed and tenseless clauses | |
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Declarative, interrogative and imperative clauses | |
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Active and passive clauses | |
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More on clause structure | |
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Clause patterns | |
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The structure of tenseless clauses | |
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Parsing a simple sentence | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Subordination and Coordination | |
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Subordinate clauses (SCl) | |
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Tensed subordinate clauses | |
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The functions of subordinate clauses | |
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Tenseless subordinate clauses | |
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Direct and indirect subordination | |
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Skeleton analysis | |
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Coordination | |
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Summary and conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Basic and Derived Structures | |
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Constituent structure grammar | |
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Basic and derived structures | |
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'Missing' elements | |
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Split constituents | |
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'Double analysis' | |
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Back to parsing | |
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Style and structure-changing rules | |
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Summary and conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Applications | |
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Working with Discourse: Speech and Writing | |
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Introduction | |
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Speech and writing: which comes first? | |
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Functions of writing and speech | |
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The form of speech and writing | |
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Linguistic characteristics of speech and writing | |
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An analysis of spoken and written discourse | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Working with Discourse: Tenor and Domain | |
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Introduction | |
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Tenor | |
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Tenor and discourse | |
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Domain | |
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Domain and discourse | |
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Combining categories of use | |
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Exercises | |
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Working with Literary Discourse | |
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How to analyse style | |
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Illustrative extract | |
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Outline analysis (with questions for further study) | |
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Further illustrative extracts for discussion | |
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Exercises | |
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Grammar and Problems of Usage | |
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Opinions about grammar | |
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Prescriptive 'rules' | |
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The priests of usage | |
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Problems of personal pronouns | |
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The problem of number concord | |
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The problem of the generic masculine | |
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Problems of ellipsis | |
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Dangling tenseless clauses | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Grammar and composition | |
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Grammar and writing | |
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'Make your language easy to follow' | |
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'Be clear' | |
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'Be economical' | |
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'Be clear but concise': clarity versus economy | |
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'Be effective' | |
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Exercises | |
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Answers to Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Further Reading | |