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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Crime Scene Investigation, Criminalistics, and the Law | |
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| Introduction: "Every Contact Leaves a Trace." | |
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| What is a Crime? | |
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| Felony and Misdemeanor | |
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| Corpus Delicti | |
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| What is Criminalistics? | |
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| Criminalistics Merges Science with Investigation | |
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| Evaluating Physical Evidence by Matchable Characteristics | |
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| Class versus Individual Characteristics | |
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| Practice Tip: Job Opportunities in Forensic Science | |
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| Why is Law Important to Crime Scene Investigation? | |
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| What is an Investigation? | |
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| What is a Crime Scene Investigation? | |
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| Crime Scene Investigation and Deductive Reasoning | |
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| Investigation may be Inculpatory and Exculpatory | |
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| Evidence is Information | |
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| Effect of Time on Information | |
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| What Is a Crime Scene? | |
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| Who Are Crime Scene Investigators? | |
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| Law Enforcement Officers and Investigators | |
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| Patrol Officer - First Responder | |
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| Crime Lab Specialists | |
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| Medico-Legal and Arson Investigators | |
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| Investigators from Other Agencies | |
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| Paralegals and Legal Investigators | |
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| Crime Lab Job Descriptions | |
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| District Attorney's Investigator | |
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| Public Defender Paralegal/Investigator | |
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| Practice Tip: Job Opportunities as Crime Scene Investigator | |
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| What Do Crime Scene Investigators Look For? | |
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| What Type of Evidence are Investigators Looking for at Crime Scene? | |
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| Sources of Physical Evidence | |
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| What Is Crime Scene Evidence Used For? | |
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| Practice Tip: Think Ahead! | |
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| How Do We Know What Evidence to Look for at the Crime Scene? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Investigating the Crime Scene: Initial Response and Planning | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preliminary Investigation Techniques | |
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| Preliminary Investigation | |
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| Initial Response | |
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| Initial Response | |
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| Practice Tip: Crime Scene Response Guidelines | |
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| Securing the Crime Scene | |
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| Securing the Crime Scene | |
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| Establishing a Perimeter | |
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| Human Skull Found in Woods | |
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| Establishing Perimeter Boundary at Crime Scene | |
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| Practice Tip: Electronic Crime Scene Investigation | |
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| Ensuring Scene Safety | |
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| Ensuring Safety at Crime Scene | |
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| Contamination Control | |
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| Emergency Care | |
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| Emergency Care | |
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| Initial Documentation | |
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| Initial Documentation | |
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| Crime Scene Assessment | |
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| Crime Scene Assessment | |
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| Practice Tip: Use Caution in Walk-Through | |
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| Planning the Crime Scene Investigation | |
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| Planning Steps for a Methodical Process | |
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| Practice Tip: Good Guide for Planning a Crime Scene Investigation | |
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| Practice Tip: Crime Scene Investigation - A Guide for Law Enforcement | |
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| Crime Scene Debriefing | |
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| Crime Scene Debriefing | |
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| Final Documentation of Crime Scene | |
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| Final Documentation of Crime Scene | |
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| Final Survey Before Release of Crime Scene | |
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| Final Survey of Crime Scene | |
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| Legal Challenges | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using The Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Investigating the Crime Scene: Documenting the Scene | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Documenting the Crime Scene | |
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| Golden Rule of Hans Gross | |
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| Investigative Notes And Reports | |
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| Investigative Notes | |
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| Investigative Reports | |
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| Legal Requirements | |
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| Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Uses of Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Practice Tip: Crime Scene Photography Resources | |
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| Procedure in Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Problems to Overcome with Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Photographing the Crime Scene | |
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| Legal Challenges to Crime Scene Photographs | |
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| Evidentiary Rule Excluding Prejudicial Evidence | |
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| Lewis v. Mississippi | |
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| Balancing Test Used in Legal Challenges | |
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| Crime Scene Sketches | |
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| Sketching Methods | |
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| Rectangular Coordinate Sketching Method | |
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| Steps in Sketching Crime Scene | |
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| Triangulation Sketching Method | |
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| Cross-Projection Sketch | |
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| Crime Scene Sketch | |
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| Legal Admissibility of Sketches | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Investigating the Crime Scene: Processing the Scene and Collecting Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Processing the Crime Scene | |
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| Crime Scene Searches | |
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| Planning the Search | |
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| Search Patterns | |
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| Lane or Strip Search Pattern | |
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| Grid Search Pattern | |
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| Spiral Search Pattern | |
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| Crime Scene Search Checklist | |
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| Legal Challenges to Crime Scene Searches | |
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| What Are We Looking for in Searching a Crime Scene? | |
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| What Is Physical Evidence Used For? | |
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| Where Do We Find Physical Evidence? | |
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| Sources of Physical Evidence | |
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| Use of Criminalistics in Collecting Physical Evidence | |
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| Practice Tip: Light Source Safety | |
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| Collecting Physical Evidence | |
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| Documenting Collected Evidence | |
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| Proper Handling of Evidence | |
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| Practice Tip: Handle with Care | |
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| Be Sure to Collect Proper Samples | |
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| Evidence Collection Kit | |
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| Prioritize Collection of Evidence | |
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| What Evidence Should be Collected at Crime Scene? | |
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| How to Collect Physical Evidence | |
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| To Avoid Contamination of Evidence | |
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| Checklist for Collecting Evidence | |
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| Marking Physical Evidence | |
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| Packaging Evidence | |
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| Practice Tip: Evidence Collection Guidelines | |
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| Evidence Submission Form | |
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| Final Survey and Release of Processed Scene | |
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| Chain of Custody | |
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| Legal Challenges | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Investigative Considerations and Special Crime Scenes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methodical Investigative Process | |
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| 5 Ws & H | |
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| M.O.M. | |
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| MO-Modus Operandi | |
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| Signature | |
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| Staging | |
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| Special Crime Scenes | |
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| Burglary | |
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| Robbery | |
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| Suspect Touching Counter at Robbery Scene | |
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| Arson | |
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| Alligatoring Effect in Arson Fire | |
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| Crimes Against Children | |
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| Sexual Assault | |
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| Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kit | |
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| Death Investigation | |
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| Death by Firearm | |
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| Special Investigative Considerations: Photographing a Dead Body | |
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| Practice Tip: Death Scene Investigation | |
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| Solvability Factors | |
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| Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Steps in Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Practice Tip: Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Legal Challenges | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Sources of Laws Governing Crime Scene Investigations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources of Laws Governing Crime Scene Investigations | |
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| Constitution | |
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| Case Law | |
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| Statutory Law | |
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| Practice Tip: Establishing a Prima Facie Case | |
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| Non-Testimonial Identification Order | |
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| Practice Tip: Finding Rules of Criminal Procedure | |
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| Evidence Law | |
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| How Evidence Law Influences Crime Scene Investigative Process | |
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| Practice Tip: Researching Evidence Laws on the Internet | |
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| Practice Tip: Finding State Evidence Codes | |
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| Practice Tip: Finding Federal Rules of Evidence | |
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| Types of Evidence | |
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| Types of Evidence | |
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| Forms Of Evidence | |
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| Forms of Evidence | |
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| Relevancy | |
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| Types and Forms of Evidence | |
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| Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time | |
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| Court Order in Motion to Admit Crime Scene Photos | |
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| What is Probative Value of Evidence? | |
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| Exculpatory Evidence | |
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| Evidence versus Proof | |
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| Burden of Proof | |
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| Standards or Degrees of Certainty in Burdens of Proof | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions 6.1 | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Definitions of Crimes | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Laws of Crime Scene Searches | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources of Laws Governing Crime Scene Searches | |
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| Rules of Criminal Procedure | |
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| Practice Tip: Finding Search & Seizure Laws | |
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| Case Law | |
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| Constitution | |
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| Fourth Amendment and Crime Scene Searches | |
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| Fourth Amendment | |
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| Fourth Amendment Search Warrant Requirement | |
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| Requirements for Search Warrant | |
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| Can Police Search a Crime Scene Without a Warrant? | |
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| Is There a Crime Scene Exception to Search Warrant Requirement? | |
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| Mincey v. Arizona | |
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| Practice Tip: Research Supreme Court Cases Online | |
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| Thompson v. Louisiana | |
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| Flippo v. West Virginia | |
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| Practice Tip: Researching State and Federal Laws | |
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| Exceptions to Search Warrant Requirement | |
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| Exigency | |
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| Michigan v. Tyler | |
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| Smock v. Indiana | |
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| Determining Whether Exigency Exists | |
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| Plain View Doctrine | |
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| People v. Martin | |
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| Checklist for Plain View | |
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| Consent | |
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| Scaggs v. Texas | |
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| Checklist for Consent | |
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| Legal Challenges to Crime Scene Searches | |
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| Exclusionary Rule | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Crime Lab and Criminalistics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| From Crime Scene to Crime Lab | |
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| Crime Lab | |
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| History of Crime Labs | |
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| Early History of Crime Labs | |
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| Modern Crime Labs | |
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| Services Provided by Crime Laboratories | |
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| Crime Scene Processing | |
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| Forensic Analysis and Testing | |
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| Blood Examination Request Letter | |
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| Census of 50 Largest Publicly Funded Crime Labs | |
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| Practice Tip: Research Crime Labs and Forensic Science | |
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| Criminalistics | |
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| History of Criminalistics | |
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| Criminalist | |
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| What Criminalists Do | |
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| Practice Tip: For More Info on Criminalists | |
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| Why Criminalistics Is Important | |
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| CSI Effect | |
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| Basis of Criminalistics | |
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| Concept of Identity | |
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| Set Theory | |
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| Standards of Comparison | |
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| Comparing Matchable Characteristics | |
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| Matchable Characteristics | |
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| Class Versus Individual Characteristics | |
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| Legal Challenges | |
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| Legal Challenges to Crime Lab and Lab Personnel | |
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| Checklist for Challenging Crime Lab or Lab Personnel | |
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| Legal Challenges to Forensic Equipment and Procedure | |
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| Practice Tip: Legal Challenges to Crime Lab and Forensic Evidence | |
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| Checklist for Challenging Forensic Equipment and Procedure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| DNA Comparison | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Forensic Value of Physical Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fingerprints | |
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| Fingerprint Patterns | |
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| Fingerprint Characteristics | |
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| Arch Pattern | |
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| Loop Pattern | |
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| Whorl Pattern | |
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| Fingerprint Comparison | |
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| Core and Delta | |
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| Ridge Characteristics | |
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| Footprints and Palmprints | |
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| Comparing Matchable Characteristics | |
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| Lip, Ears, and Voiceprints | |
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| Bitemarks | |
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| Shoe Impressions | |
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| Practice Tip: Do Not Step Into the Shoes... | |
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| Shoe Print found at Crime Scene | |
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| Tire Impressions | |
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| Tire Impression found at Crime Scene | |
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| Lab Report Results | |
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| Tools and Toolmarks | |
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| Striated Toolmark | |
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| Comparison of Striation Marks | |
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| Impressed Toolmarks | |
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| Purpose of Tool and Toolmark Examination | |
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| Weapons and Ballistics | |
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| Comparison of Marks on Cartridge Cases | |
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| Knives and Knife Wounds | |
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| Ballistics Comparison | |
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| Detecting Discharge of Weapons | |
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| Explosives and Explosive Residue | |
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| Soil | |
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| Blood and Body Fluids | |
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| Bloodstain Patterns | |
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| Bloodstain Patterns | |
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| Information Needed on Crime Scene Bloodstains | |
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| Toxicology and Drugs | |
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| Hair | |
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| Fibers | |
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| Glass | |
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| Radial and Concentric Glass Fractures | |
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| DNA | |
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| Forensic Value of DNA | |
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| Practice Tip: Want More Info On DNA? | |
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| Questioned Documents and Handwriting Analysis | |
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| Computers and Electronic Data | |
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| Legal Challenges | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Fingerprint Comparisons | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Forensic Evidence and Testing | |
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| Introduction: From Crime Lab to Courtroom | |
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| Crime Scene Review | |
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| What Is Forensic Evidence and Testing? | |
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| Practice Tip: Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence | |
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| Importance of Forensic Evidence and Testing | |
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| Admissibility Governed by Evidence Law | |
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| Expert Witnesses | |
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| Tests Used by Courts to Determine Admissibility | |
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| Examples of Rules for Admitting Expert Testimony on Forensic Evidence and Scientific Testing | |
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| General Acceptance Test | |
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| Guideline for Admitting Forensic Expert's Opinion under Frye General Acceptance Test | |
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| Practice Tip: Does Your State Use the Frye Test? | |
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| Reliability Test | |
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| Checklist for Admitting Forensic Expert's Opinion under Reliability Test | |
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| People v. Clevenger | |
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| Daubert Standard | |
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| Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | |
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| Effect Of Daubert Decision | |
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| Examples of Post-Daubert Rules for Scientific Testing Testimony by Experts | |
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| Scientific Testing Checklist | |
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| Forensic Experts Who Are Not Scientists | |
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| Louisiana v. Jones | |
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| Checklist for Admitting Forensic Expert's Opinion under Daubert Test and Federal Rule of Evidence 702 | |
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| Factors for Determining "Scientific Knowledge" under the Daubert Test | |
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| Judge as Gatekeeper | |
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| Abuse of Discretion | |
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| Legal and Evidentiary Challenges | |
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| Factors for Determining Legal Challenges | |
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| Under the Frye "General Acceptance" Test | |
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| Under the "Reliability Test" | |
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| Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 | |
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| Under Daubert Standards | |
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| Practice Tip: Researching Evidence Laws on the Internet | |
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| Practice Tip: Finding State Evidence Codes | |
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| Practice Tip: Finding Federal Rules of Evidence | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Admissibility of Forensic Evidence and Testing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Crime Scene Review | |
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| Admissibility of Forensic Evidence and Testing | |
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| Practice Tip: Find Out More about Legal Challenges to Fingerprints | |
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| Other Forensic Evidence and Testing | |
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| Examples of Cases Dealing with Admissibility of Forensic Evidence | |
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| People v. Wright | |
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| McGowen. v. Mississippi | |
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| Illinois v. Kaczmarek | |
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| Commonwealth v. Glyman | |
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| New and Novel Forensic Evidence and Testing | |
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| Reese v. State of Texas | |
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| FBI Checklist for Determining Legal Challenges to DNA | |
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| Practice Tip: Research DNA Testing and Standards for Crime Labs | |
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| State of Louisiana v. Gary Morrison | |
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| Legal Challenges Based on Court Standards | |
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| Factors to Consider in Admitting Forensic Evidence | |
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| Legal Challenges of Forensic Testing and Equipment | |
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| Practice Tip: Legal Challenges to Forensic Evidence | |
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| Legal Challenges to Reliability | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Presenting Crime Scene Evidence in Court | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Criminal Prosecution | |
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| Preliminary Hearing | |
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| Pre-Trial Motion Hearings | |
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| Criminal Trial | |
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| Example of Courtroom Layout | |
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| Role of Witnesses at Trial | |
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| Examples of Evidence Rules Governing Testimony by Witnesses | |
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| Example of Testimony Lacking Personal Knowledge | |
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| Preparing to Testify | |
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| Accuracy in Documentation | |
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| Demeanor | |
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| Practice Tip: Testifying in Court | |
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| Preparing Evidence and Exhibits for Trial | |
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| Organizing and Managing Crime Scene Evidence Exhibits | |
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| Presenting Evidence at Trial | |
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| Laying a Foundation | |
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| Steps for Laying a Foundation | |
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| Identification and Authentication | |
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| Requirement of Identification or Authentication | |
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| Elements Required for Identification | |
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| Elements Required for Authentication | |
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| Effect of Identification and Authentication Requirement | |
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| Chain of Custody | |
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| Knight v. State of Alabama | |
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| Practice Tip: United States Supreme Court Decisions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Tip: Finding State Court Sites | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Future of Crime Scene Investigation, Criminalistics, and the Law | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Future Is Now: Recent Innovations in Crime Scene Investigation | |
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| Future of Crime Scene Investigation and Criminalistics | |
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| Improving Existing Forensic Tools and Technologies | |
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| Miniaturization | |
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| Automation | |
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| Teleforensics | |
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| Standardization | |
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| Recommendations for Crime Labs | |
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| Future of Laws Governing Crime Scene Investigations | |
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| Technology and Law | |
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| People v. Hood | |
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| Scientific Evidence | |
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| United States v. Plaza | |
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| Trends In Crime Scene Search Laws | |
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| CSI Effect | |
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| Practice Tip: Resource for Future Directions in Crime Scene Investigation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Forensic Research Using the Internet | |
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| Practice Skills | |
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| Web Sites | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |