| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Series Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Symbols and Acronyms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Design Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engineering Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Project Planning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decision Making | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feasibility Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tort of Negligence | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Engineering Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Systems Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conceptual System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conceptual Design Flowchart | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technical Performance Measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Trade-Off Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conceptual Design Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detail System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Engineering Approach in Aircraft Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation of Systems Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Phases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Flowchart | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Steps | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Conceptual Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Primary Functions of Aircraft Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Configuration Alternatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tail Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propulsion System Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuselage Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturing-Related Items Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subsystems Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Classification and Design Constraints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Configuration Selection Process and Trade-Off Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conceptual Design Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Tools | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methodology | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum Take-Off Weight Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The General Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight Build-up | |
| |
| |
| |
| Payload Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crew Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Empty Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical Steps of the Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Area and Engine Sizing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of the Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stall Speed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum Speed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Take-Off Run | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rate of Climb | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ceiling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Examples | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number of Wings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Vertical Location | |
| |
| |
| |
| High Wing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Low Wing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mid-Wing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parasol Wing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Selection Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Airfoil Section | |
| |
| |
| |
| Airfoil Design or Airfoil Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Features of an Airfoil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Characteristic Graphs of an Airfoil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Airfoil Selection Criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| NACA Airfoils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical Steps for Wing Airfoil Section Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Incidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aspect Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taper Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Significance of Lift and Load Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sweep Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Twist Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dihedral Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
| High-Lift Device | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Functions of a High-Lift Device | |
| |
| |
| |
| High-Lift Device Classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aileron | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lifting-Line Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accessories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stroke | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vortex Generator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Winglet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Design Steps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Design Example | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tail Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Trim Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Trim | |
| |
| |
| |
| Directional and Lateral Trim | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Review on Stability and Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Handling Qualities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tail Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Tail Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aft Tail Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Canard or Aft Tail | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimum Tail Arm | |
| |
| |
| |
| Horizontal Tail Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Horizontal Tail Design Fundamental Governing Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed, All-Moving, or Adjustable | |
| |
| |
| |
| Airfoil Section | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tail Incidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aspect Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taper Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sweep Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dihedral Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tail Vertical Location | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Tail Geometries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Control Provision | |
| |
| |
| |
| Final Check | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Tail Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Tail Design Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Tail Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical Design Steps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tail Design Example | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuselage Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Analysis and Design Flowchart | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuselage Configuration Design and Internal Arrangement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ergonomics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Dimensions and Limits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cockpit Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number of Pilots and Crew Members | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pilot/Crew Mission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pilot/Crew Comfort/Hardship Level | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pilot Personal Equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Control Equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurement Equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Level of Automation | |
| |
| |
| |
| External Constraints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cockpit Integration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passenger Cabin Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cargo Section Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimum Length-to-Diameter Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimum Slenderness Ratio for Lowest f<sub>LD</sub> | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimum Slenderness Ratio for Lowest Fuselage Wetted Area | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimum Slenderness Ratio for the Lightest Fuselage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Fuselage Internal Segments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radar Dish | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wing Box | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power Transmission Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lofting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aerodynamics Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Area Ruling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radar Detectability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuselage Rear Section | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuselage Design Steps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Example | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propulsion System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Analysis and Design Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engine Type Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Engine Classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection of Engine Type | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number of Engines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flight Safety | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Influential Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engine Location | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Podded versus Buried | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pusher versus Tractor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Twin-Jet Engine: Under-Wing versus Rear Fuselage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engine Installation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prop-Driven Engine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jet Engine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propeller Sizing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engine Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prop-Driven Engine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jet Engine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engine Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propulsion System Design Steps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Example | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Analysis and Design Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single Main | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bicycle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tail-Gear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tricycle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quadricycle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multi-Bogey | |
| |
| |
| |
| Releasable Rail | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skid | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seaplane Landing Device | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Leg | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Configuration Selection Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Attachment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed, Retractable, or Separable Landing Gear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Geometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Height | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wheel Base | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wheel Track | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear and Aircraft Center of Gravity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tipback and Tipforward Angle Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Take-Off Rotation Requirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Mechanical Subsystems/Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tire Sizing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shock Absorber | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strut Sizing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steering Subsystem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Retraction System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Design Steps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Design Example | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight of Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity of Weight Calculation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Major Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight Calculation Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wine Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Horizontal Tail Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Tail Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuselage Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landing Gear Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Installed Engine Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel System Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight of Other Equipment and Subsystems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter Examples | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Weight Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Center of Gravity Calculation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Center of Gravity Range | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed or Variable Center of Gravity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Center of Gravity Range Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ideal Center of Gravity Location | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Center of Gravity Location | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technique to Determine the Aircraft Forward and Aft Center of Gravity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight Distribution Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Weight Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Stability Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Controllability Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Handling Quality Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aircraft Mass Moment of Inertia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter Example | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design of Control Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Configuration Selection of Control Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Handling Qualities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Handling Qualities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral-Directional Handling Qualities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aileron Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Aileron Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aileron Design Constraints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steps in Aileron Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elevator Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Elevator Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Take-Off Rotation Requirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Trim Requirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elevator Design Procedure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rudder Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Rudder Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Rudder Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rudder Design Steps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aerodynamic Balance and Mass Balance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aerodynamic Balance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass Balance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aileron Design Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elevator Design Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rudder Design Example | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Appendices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard Atmosphere, SI Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard Atmosphere, British Units | |
| |
| |
| Index | |