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How Old Is Old? The Rock Record and Geologic Time Relative Age | |
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Stratigraphy | |
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Gaps in the Record | |
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What A Geologist Sees: A Grand View Of Stratigraphy | |
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Fossils and Correlation | |
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The Geologic Column | |
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Eons and Eras | |
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Periods and Epochs | |
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Numerical Age | |
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Early Attempts | |
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Radioactivity and Numerical Ages | |
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Magnetic Polarity Dating | |
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Case Study: Dating Human Ancestors | |
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The Age of Earth | |
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Where Geologists Click: The U.S. Geological Survey | |
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Amazing Places: Famous Unconformities | |
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Plate Tectonics | |
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A Revolution in Geology | |
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Wegener’s Hypothesis of Continental Drift | |
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The Puzzle-Piece Argument | |
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Matching Geology | |
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Apparent Polar Wandering Paths | |
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The Missing Clue: Seafloor Spreading | |
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The Plate Tectonic Model | |
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Plate Tectonics in a Nutshell | |
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Types of Plate Margins | |
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What A Geologist Sees: The Red Sea And The Gulf Of Aden | |
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Where Geologists Click: Interactive Tectonic Map | |
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The Search for a Mechanism for Plate Motion | |
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Amazing Places: The Hawaiian Islands: A Growing Island Chain | |
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The Tectonic Cycle: Past, Present, Future | |
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Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior | |
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Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards | |
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Earthquakes and Plate Motion | |
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Case Study: Proving The Elastic Rebound Theory | |
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Earthquake Hazards and Readiness | |
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Earthquake Prediction | |
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The Science of Seismology | |
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Seismographs | |
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Seismic Waves | |
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Locating Earthquakes | |
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Where Geologists Click: Earthquakes At Your Fingertips | |
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Measuring Earthquakes | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Richter Magnitude And Modified Mercalli Intensity Scales | |
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Studying Earth’s Interior | |
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How Geologists Look into Earth’s Interior: Seismic Methods | |
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How Geologists Look into Earth’s Interior: Other Methods | |
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A Multilayered Planet | |
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The Crust | |
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The Mantle | |
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Amazing Places: Point Reyes, California | |
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The Core | |
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Volcanoes and Igneous Rocks Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards | |
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Where Geologists Click: The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | |
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Eruptions, Landforms, and Materials | |
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Volcanic Hazards | |
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Case Study: Plinian Eruption In The Philippines | |
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Predicting Eruptions | |
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Amazing Places: Mt. St. Helens | |
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How, Why, and Where Rock Melts | |
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Heat and Pressure Inside Earth | |
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Magma and Lava | |
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Cooling and Crystallization | |
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Rate of Cooling | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Putting Rocks Under A Microscope | |
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Chemical Composition | |
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Fractional Crystallization | |
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Plutons and Plutonism | |
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Batholiths and Stocks | |
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Dikes and Sills | |
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Weathering and Erosion | |
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Weathering-The First Step in the Rock Cycle | |
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How Rocks Disintegrate | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Joint Formation | |
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Mechanical Weathering | |
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Amazing Places: Monadnock-And Monadnocks | |
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Chemical Weathering | |
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Factors Affecting Weathering | |
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Products of Weathering | |
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Soil | |
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Soil Profiles | |
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Where Geologists Click: Soils Of Canada And The United States | |
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Case Study: Bad And Good Soil Management | |
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Erosion and Mass Wasting | |
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Erosion by Water | |
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Erosion by Wind | |
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Erosion by Ice | |
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Gravity and Mass Wasting | |
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Slope Failures | |
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Flows | |
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Factor of Safety and Landslide Prediction | |
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From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock Sediment | |
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Clastic Sediment | |
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Chemical and Biogenic Sediments | |
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Transport and Deposition of Sediment | |
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Depositional Environments on Land | |
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Depositional Environments in and near the Ocean | |
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Where Geologists Click: The Geological Society Of London | |
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Sedimentary Rock | |
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Rock Beds | |
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Amazing Places: The Navajo Sandstone | |
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Lithification | |
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Types of Sedimentary Rocks | |
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What A Geologist Sees: A Change In The Atmosphere | |
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Interpreting Environmental Clues | |
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Sedimentary Facies | |
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Case Study: Thinking Critically About Sedimentation And Human History | |
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How Plate Tectonics Affects Sedimentation | |
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Divergent Plate Boundaries-Rift Valleys | |
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Convergent Plate Boundaries-Collisional Type | |
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Convergent Plate Boundaries-Subduction Type | |
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Folds, Faults, and Geological Maps Rock Deformation | |
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Stress and Strain | |
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Brittle and Ductile Deformation | |
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Where Rock Deformation Occurs | |
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Structural Geology | |
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Strike and Dip | |
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Faults and Fractures | |
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Amazing Places: The Canadian Rockies | |
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Folds | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Monocline | |
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Geologic Maps | |
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Case Study: The Map That Changed The World | |
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Making and Interpreting Geologic Maps | |
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Geologic Cross Sections | |
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Where Geologists Click: National Geologic Maps Database | |
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Metamorphism: New Rock from Old What Is Metamorphism? | |
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The Limits of Metamorphism | |
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Factors Influencing Metamorphism | |
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What A Geologist Sees: At The Roadside | |
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Case Study: Metamorphism And Billiards | |
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Metamorphic Rock | |
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Rock with Foliation | |
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Where Geologists Click: Smithsonian Institution�S National Museum Of Natural History | |
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Amazing Places: The Source Of Olmec Jade | |
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Rock Without Foliation | |
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Metamorphic Processes | |
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Types of Metamorphism | |
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Metasomatism | |
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Metamorphic Facies | |
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Water On and Under the Ground The Hydrologic Cycle | |
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Water in the Earth System | |
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Pathways and Reservoirs | |
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Where Geologists Click: Exploring The Water Cycle | |
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How Water Affects Land | |
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Streams and Channels | |
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Stream Deposits | |
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Large-Scale Topography of Stream Systems | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Drainage Basins | |
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Lakes | |
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Water as a Hazard and a Resource | |
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Floods | |
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Surface Water Resources | |
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Case Study: Mono Lake And The Los Angeles Water Supply | |
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Fresh Water Underground | |
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The Water Table | |
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How Groundwater Moves | |
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Where Groundwater Is Stored | |
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Groundwater Depletion and Contamination | |
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When Groundwater Dissolves Rock | |
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Caves and Sinkholes | |
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Amazing Places: Lechuguilla Cave | |
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12 The Ocean and the Atmosphere The Ocean | |
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Ocean Basins | |
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The Composition of Seawater | |
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Layers in the Ocean | |
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Ocean Currents | |
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Where Ocean Meets Land | |
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Changes in Sea Level | |
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What A Geologist Sees: What Causes Tides? | |
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Waves | |
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Shorelines and Coastal Landforms | |
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Case Study: Thinking Critically About The Effects Of Oil Spills | |
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Amazing Places: The Florida Keys Reef | |
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The Atmosphere | |
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Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere | |
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Layers in the Atmosphere | |
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Where Geologists Click: Ozone Hole Watch | |
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Movement in the Atmosphere | |
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Where Ocean Meets Atmosphere | |
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Ocean-Atmosphere-Climate Interactions | |
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Tropical Cyclones | |
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El Ni�o and La Ni�a | |
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Climatic Extremes: Deserts and Glaciers Deserts and Drylands | |
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Types of Deserts | |
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Wind Erosion | |
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Desert Landforms | |
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Desertification and Land Degradation | |
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Changing Deserts | |
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Mitigating Land Degradation | |
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Case Study: The Sahel And The Dust Bowl | |
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Where Geologists Click: Desertification | |
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Glaciers and Ice Sheets | |
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Components of the Cryosphere | |
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Amazing Places: Glacier Bay National Park And Wilderness, Alaska | |
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Ever-Changing Glaciers | |
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The Glacial Landscape | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Periglacial Landforms | |
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Earth’s Climates: Past, Present, Future The Climate System | |
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Components of the Climate System | |
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Present-Day Climates | |
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Natural Causes of Climate Change | |
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External Influences on Climate | |
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Case Study: Wetter Times In Wadi Kufra | |
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Internal Influences on Climate | |
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Amazing Places: Fossil Forests Of The High Arctic | |
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Feedbacks | |
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The Record of Past Climate Change | |
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Evidence of Climate Change | |
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Case Study: Using Isotopes To Measure Past Climates | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Ice Cores | |
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Earth’s Past Climates | |
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Predicting the Future | |
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What We Know | |
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What We Think We Know | |
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Where Geologists Click: The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change | |
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The Big Uncertainties | |
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A Brief History of Life on Earth Ever-Changing Earth | |
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Early Life | |
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Life in Three Not-So-Easy Steps | |
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Archean and Proterozoic Life | |
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Evolution and the Fossil Record | |
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Evolution and Natural Selection | |
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Where Geologists Click: Evolution 101 | |
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How Fossils Form | |
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Life in the Phanerozoic Eon | |
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The Paleozoic Era | |
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What A Geologist Sees: A Sample Of Cambrian Life | |
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Amazing Places: The Burgess Shale | |
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From Sea to Land | |
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The Mesozoic Era | |
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The Cenozoic Era | |
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Mass Extinctions | |
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15 16Understanding Earth’s Resources | |
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Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources | |
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Natural Resources and Ancient History | |
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Amazing Places: Saugus Iron Works | |
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Resources and Modern Society | |
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Fossil Fuels | |
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Peat and Coal | |
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Petroleum | |
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Nontraditional Sources of Oil: Tar Sands and Oil Shales | |
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Nontraditional Sources of Gas: Coal Beds and Shale | |
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Relying on Fossil Fuels | |
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Renewable Energy Resources | |
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Power from Sun, Wind, and Water | |
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Nuclear and Geothermal Power | |
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Case Study: Thinking Critically About Nuclear Power | |
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Mineral Resources | |
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Finding and Assessing Mineral Resources | |
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How Mineral Deposits Are Formed | |
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What A Geologist Sees: Mineral Deposits In Progress | |