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| List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits | |
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| Contents of the Website | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Driver | |
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| Why Organizations Certify | |
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| Protecting the Public | |
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| Reinforcing Professional Stature and Promoting Universal Standards | |
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| Preparing People for Jobs Requiring Competence in Multiple Disciplines | |
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| Protecting Jobs and Enhancing Professional Stature | |
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| Improving Business Processes | |
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| Establishing Professional Credibility and Influencing Academic Curricula | |
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| Establishing Uniform Performance Standards | |
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| Protecting the Brand Name | |
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| Raising the Level of Core Competencies | |
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| Success Measures | |
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| Who to Involve | |
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| The Players | |
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| Target Audience | |
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| Stakeholders | |
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| Benefits of Certification | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Business Case | |
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| What Goes into a Business Case | |
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| Hypotheses, Premises, and Best Guesses | |
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| Metrics or Key Success Indicators | |
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| Economic Metrics | |
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| Noneconomic Metrics | |
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| The Requirements | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Note | |
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| The Requirements | |
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| Distinctions Among Eligibility, Qualification, and Certification | |
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| Roles Certification Plays | |
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| Gatekeeping or Screening | |
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| Recognizing Demonstrated Performance | |
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| Recognizing Different Levels of Accomplishment or Different Capabilities | |
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| Typical Requirements for Certification | |
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| Acceptance of a Code of Conduct | |
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| Eligibility | |
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| Education, Training, and Development | |
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| Endorsements | |
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| Experience | |
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| External Credentials | |
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| Tests | |
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| Work Samples | |
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| Work or Personnel Records | |
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| Maintenance and Recertification | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Standards | |
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| Competencies, Standards, and Criteria | |
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| Defi ning the Scope of the Effort | |
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| The Job or Task Analysis | |
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| Traditional Job/Task Analysis Methodologies | |
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| Controlling Bias | |
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| Sampling Error | |
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| Design Error | |
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| Administrative Error | |
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| Design of the Credential | |
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| Certification vs. Certificate | |
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| The Elements | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Standards | |
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| The Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Focus Groups | |
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| The NGT | |
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| Outcome-Based Competency Session | |
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| Delphi Study | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Note | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Rigor and Validity | |
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| Sampling Error | |
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| Under-Representation | |
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| Extraneous Abilities | |
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| Test Specifications | |
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| Design Errors | |
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| Administrative Error | |
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| Types of Test Items | |
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| Response-Supplied Items | |
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| Response-Not-Supplied Items | |
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| Computer-Based Testing | |
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| Determining the Passing Score | |
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| Informed Judgment Method | |
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| Contrasting Group Method | |
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| Conjectural (Angoff-Nedelsky) Method | |
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| Issues in Assessment and Testing | |
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| Opportunity to Learn | |
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| Adequate Time and Resources | |
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| Face Validity | |
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| Documentation | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Governance and Administration | |
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| Responsibilities of the Governance Board | |
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| Candidate Rights | |
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| Disclosure | |
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| Appeals and Exemptions | |
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| Preparation and Remediation | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Fees and Compensation | |
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| Test Administration | |
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| Responsibilities of the Program Administrator | |
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| Establishing Administrative Support Systems | |
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| Analyzing Test Items | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Notes | |
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| Recertification and Maintenance | |
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| Stability of Enabling Knowledge | |
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| Distinguishing Between Knowledge Atrophy and Knowledge Evolution | |
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| Defining the Purpose of Recertification or Maintenance | |
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| Redoing the Job/Task Analysis | |
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| Timing the Requirement | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Implementation | |
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| The Marketing Strategy | |
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| Defining the Market | |
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| Branding the Credential | |
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| Launching the Credential | |
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| Rolling Out the Credential and Penetrating a Market | |
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| Developing and Executing a Communication Plan | |
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| Developing Effective Program Materials | |
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| Celebrating Success | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Going Global | |
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| Distinctions Among National, International, Global, and Multi-National Programs | |
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| Why Go Global or International? | |
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| Determining Reciprocity, Equivalency, and Exemptions | |
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| Safeguarding Against Fraud or Misrepresentation | |
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| Cultural Issues | |
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| Language and Translation | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Note | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Developing an Evaluation Strategy | |
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| Defining Evaluation Processes | |
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| Determining What to Measure | |
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| Determining Where to Start | |
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| Being Clear About Your Purpose | |
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| Developing an Agenda | |
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| Presenting Your Data | |
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| Missteps and Oversights | |
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| Tips | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Index | |
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| About the author | |