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Bond-Line Drawings | |
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How to Read Bond-Line Drawings | |
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How to Draw Bond-Line Drawings | |
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Mistakes to Avoid | |
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More Exercises | |
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Identifying Formal Charges | |
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Finding Lone Pairs That Are Not Drawn | |
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Resonance | |
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What Is Resonance? | |
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Curved Arrows: The Tools for Drawing Resonance Structures | |
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The Two Commandments | |
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Drawing Good Arrows | |
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Formal Charges in Resonance Structures | |
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Drawing Resonance Structures-Step by Step | |
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Drawing Resonance Structures-By Recognizing Patterns | |
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A Lone Pair Next to a Pi Bond | |
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A Lone Pair Next to a Positive Charge | |
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A Pi Bond Next to a Positive Charge | |
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A Pi Bond Between Two Atoms, Where One of Those Atoms Is Electronegative (N, O, etc.) | |
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Pi Bonds Going All the Way Around a Ring | |
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Assessing the Relative Importance of Resonance Structures | |
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Acid-Base Reactions | |
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Factor 1-What Atom Is the Charge on? | |
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Factor 2-Resonance | |
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Factor 3-Induction | |
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Factor 4-Orbitals | |
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Ranking the Four Factors | |
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Quantitative Measurement (pK<sub>a</sub> values) | |
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Predicting the Position of Equilibrium | |
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Showing a Mechanism | |
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Geometry | |
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Orbitals and Hybridization States | |
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Geometry | |
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Lone Pairs | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Functional Group | |
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Unsaturation | |
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Naming the Parent Chain | |
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Naming Substituents | |
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Stereoisomerism | |
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Numbering | |
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Common Names | |
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Going from a Name to a Structure | |
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Conformations | |
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How to Draw a Newman Projection | |
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Ranking the Stability of Newman Projections | |
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Drawing Chair Conformations | |
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Placing Groups on the Chair | |
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Ring Flipping | |
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Comparing the Stability of Chairs | |
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Don't Be Confused by the Nomenclature | |
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Configurations | |
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Locating Stereocenters | |
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Determining the Configuration of a Stereocenter | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Drawing Enantiomers | |
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Diastereomers | |
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Meso Compounds | |
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Drawing Fischer Projections | |
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Optical Activity | |
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Mechanisms | |
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Curved Arrows | |
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Arrow Pushing | |
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Drawing Intermediates | |
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Nucleophiles and Electrophiles | |
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Bases Versus Nucleophiles | |
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The Regiochemistry Is Contained Within the Mechanism | |
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The Stereochemistry Is Contained Within the Mechanism | |
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A List of Mechanisms | |
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Substitution Reactions | |
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The Mechanisms | |
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Factor 1-The Electrophile (Substrate) | |
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Factor 2-The Nucleophile | |
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Factor 3-The Leaving Group | |
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Factor 4-The Solvent | |
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Using All Four Factors | |
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Substitution Reactions Teach Us Some Important Lessons | |
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Elimination Reactions | |
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The E2 Mechanism | |
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The Regiochemical Outcome of an E2 Reaction | |
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The Stereochemical Outcome of an E2 Reaction | |
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The E1 Mechanism | |
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The Regiochemical Outcome of an E1 Reaction | |
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The Stereochemical Outcome of an E1 Reaction | |
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Substitution vs. Elimination | |
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Determining the Function of the Reagent | |
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Identifying the Mechanism(s) | |
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Predicting the Products | |
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Addition Reactions | |
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Terminology Describing Regiochemistry | |
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Terminology Describing Stereochemistry | |
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Adding H and H | |
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Adding H and X, Markovnikov | |
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Adding H and Br, Anti-Markovnikov | |
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Adding H and OH, Markovnikov | |
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Adding H and OH, Anti-Markovnikov | |
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Synthesis Techniques | |
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Adding Br and Br; Adding Br and OH | |
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Adding OH and OH, Anti | |
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Adding OH and OH, Syn | |
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Oxidative Cleavage of an Alkene | |
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Alcohols | |
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Naming and Designating Alcohols | |
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Predicting Solubility of Alcohols | |
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Predicting Relative Acidity of Alcohols | |
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Preparing Alcohols: A Review | |
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Preparing Alcohols via Reduction | |
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Preparing Alcohols via Grignard Reactions | |
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Summary of Methods for Preparing Alcohols | |
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Reactions of Alcohols: Substitution and Elimination | |
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Reactions of Alcohols: Oxidation | |
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Converting an Alcohol into an Ether | |
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Synthesis | |
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One-step Syntheses | |
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Multistep Syntheses | |
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Retrosynthetic Analysis | |
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Creating Your Own Problems | |
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Answer Key | |
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Index | |