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To the Student | |
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To the Professor | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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What Every Student Should Know About Writing Psychology Papers | |
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Understanding the Written and Unwritten Directions | |
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Understanding Academic Values | |
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Be Informed: Read to Write | |
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Make a Claim: Have a Point, Get to That Point, and Stick to That Point | |
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Defend Your Claim with Logic and Evidence | |
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Be Honest | |
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Use Sour Own Words | |
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Understanding APA Style | |
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Ideals | |
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Appropriately Personal Prose: The Objective �I� | |
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Simple Language: Do Not Confuse the Reader | |
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Respectful Language: Do Not Offend | |
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Writing and Revising | |
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Plan to Finish Early | |
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Think, Search, Read, and Get Organized | |
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Write Your First Draft | |
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Revise Your First Draft: Reorganize, Rethink, Reread, and Rewrite | |
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Help the Reader Navigate Through Your Paper | |
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Address Readers' Objections | |
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Polish Your Writing | |
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Check Language, Grammar, Spelling, Usage, and Punctuation | |
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Final Formatting | |
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Five Final Checks | |
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Submitting the Finished Product | |
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Avoiding Common Problems: A Checklist | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Essays and Term Papers | |
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From Topic to Thesis Statement | |
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Parts of a Term Paper and Their Headings | |
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Formatting the Tide Page, Wording the Title, and Writing the Author Note | |
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Formatting the Tide Page | |
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Wording the Tide | |
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Writing the Author Note | |
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Abstract | |
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Writing the Abstract | |
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Formatting the Abstract | |
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Introduction | |
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Introduce Generally and Gendy | |
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Introduce Key Issues | |
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If Necessary, Introduce Key Definitions | |
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Introduce and State Your Thesis | |
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Arouse the Reader's Curiosity | |
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Body | |
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Make the Material Tell a Coherent Story: Have a Theme, Organize Your Notes, and Outline Your Paper | |
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Be Both Concise and Precise | |
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Focus on Facts and Fairness | |
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Know Your (Facts') Limitations | |
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Conclusion | |
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Conclude by Summing Up Your Case | |
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Conclude-Do Not Introduce | |
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References | |
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Tense | |
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Sample Term Paper | |
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Checklist for Evaluating Your Paper | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Research Reports and Proposals | |
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General Strategies for Writing Your Paper: Presenting, Writing, and Planning Its Different Parts | |
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Main Headings and Sections: Formatting the Research Paper's 10 Sections | |
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The Value of Writing Your Paper out of Order | |
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The General Plan of Your Paper | |
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Formatting the Tide Page, Wording the Tide, and Writing the Author Note | |
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Formatting the Tide Page | |
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Wording the Tide | |
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Writing the Author Note | |
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Abstract | |
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Writing the Abstract | |
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Keywords | |
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Finishing and Formatting the Abstract Page | |
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Introduction | |
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Introduce the General Topic | |
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Review Relevant Research and Theory | |
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Introduce the Hypothesis | |
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Method | |
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Participants or Subjects | |
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Apparatus | |
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Materials or Measures | |
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Design and Other Optional Subsections | |
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Procedure | |
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Results | |
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Statistical Significance | |
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Formatting Statistical Information | |
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When Not to Use Either a Table or a Figure | |
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When to Use Tables | |
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Creating Tables | |
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When to Use Figures | |
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Creating Figures | |
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Units | |
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Discussion | |
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Briefly Restate the Results | |
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Relate Results to Other Research | |
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State Qualifications and Reservations-And Use Them to Propose Future Research | |
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Explain the Research's Implications | |
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Conclude | |
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References | |
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Appendixes | |
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Tense | |
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Sample Research Report | |
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Report and Proposal Content Checklist | |
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Summary | |
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Finding, Reading, Citing, and Referencing Sources | |
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Finding Information | |
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Starting Your Search: Databases, Search Terms, and Secondary Sources | |
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Using One Reference to Find More References | |
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Deciding What to Read: Choosing Acceptable Sources | |
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Reading | |
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Read Purposefully | |
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Take Thoughtful, Useful Notes-And if You Copy, Be Careful | |
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Reread | |
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Revise Your Notes | |
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Citations: What to Cite and Why | |
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Citing From Secondary Sources | |
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Citing Information Obtained From the Internet | |
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Citing Personal Communications | |
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General Rules for How to Format Citations | |
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What Your Citation Should Include: Usually, Only Name and Date | |
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General Strategies for Formatting Author and Date Information: Use Only Name Citations and Parenthetical Citations | |
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Formatting Individual Citations: Principles and Examples | |
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Work by One Author: Whether the Listed Author Is a Person, Organization, or "Anonymous" | |
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Work by Two Authors | |
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Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors | |
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Work by Six or More Authors | |
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Work by Author Sharing Same Last Name as Another Cited Author | |
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Work With No Listed Author | |
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Works With Dating Problems: Not Published, Not Yet Published, No Publication Date, Multiple Publication Dates | |
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Works From Nontraditional Sources: Personal Communications and Secondary Sources | |
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Formatting Multiple Citations | |
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More Than Two Works by Different Authors | |
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More Than Two Works by the Same Author | |
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Citing the Same Work by the Same Author More Than Once | |
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Citing the Same Work by the Same Authors More Than Once | |
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Paraphrasing | |
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Quoting | |
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Embedded Quotations | |
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Block Quotations | |
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Deciding What to Reference | |
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Cite but Do Not Reference Communications That Cannot Be Retrieved | |
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Reference Secondary Sources You Read but Not Original Sources That You Only Read About | |
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Formatting References | |
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Starting the Reference Page | |
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General Tips for Formatting Individual References | |
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Put Your References in Alphabetical Order and Follow These Rules to Break Ties | |
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Formatting the First Part of the Reference: The Author Names | |
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Formatting the Second Part of the Reference: The Publication Date | |
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Formatting the Third Part of the Reference: The Title | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Referencing Books | |
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Referencing Book Chapters | |
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Referencing Journal Articles | |
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Referencing Abstracts of Journal Articles | |
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Referencing Internet Sources | |
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Checklists | |
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Academic Honesty Checklist | |
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Formatting Citations Checklist | |
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Finding and Using Sources Checklist | |
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Reference Page Checklist | |
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Summary | |
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Making Your Case: A Guide to Skeptical Reading and Logical Writing | |
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Deductive Arguments | |
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Inductive Arguments: Making Relatively Careful Generalizations | |
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Argument by Analogy | |
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Overview of Problems in Making Arguments | |
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Appeals to Emotion, Faith, or Authority | |
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Appeals to Emotion | |
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Appeals to Faith | |
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Appeals to Authority | |
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Unfair Arguments | |
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Ad Hominem Arguments | |
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Ignoring Contradictory Evidence | |
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Straw Man Arguments | |
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General Errors in Reasoning From Evidence | |
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Inferring Causation From Correlation | |
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Making Something out of Nothing: Misinterpreting Null Results | |
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Adding Meaning to Significance: Misinterpreting Significant Results | |
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Trusting Labels Too Much: Not Questioning Construct Validity | |
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Not Questioning Generalizations | |
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Critical Thinking Checklist | |
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Summary | |
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Writing the Wrongs: How to Avoid Gruesome Grammar, Putrid Punctuation, and Saggy Style | |
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Elements of Grammar | |
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Nouns | |
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Personal and Impersonal Pronouns | |
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Verbs | |
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Articles | |
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Adjectives | |
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Adverbs | |
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Prepositions | |
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Conjunctions | |
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Relative Pronouns | |
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Phrases | |
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Clauses | |
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Sentences | |
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Paragraphs | |
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Punctuation | |
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End Marks (Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation Points) | |
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Commas | |
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Semicolons | |
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Colons | |
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Apostrophes | |
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Parentheses | |
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Dashes | |
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Hyphens | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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Usage | |
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Know What You Mean | |
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Let the Reader Know What You Are Comparing | |
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Use Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly | |
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Divide or Reconnect Run-On Sentences | |
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Help Readers Get "It" (and Other Pronouns) by Specifying Nonspecific Referents | |
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Attribute Humanity Only to Humans | |
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Writing With Style | |
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Accentuate the Positive | |
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Point the Way Within and Between Paragraphs | |
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Use Parallel Construction | |
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Use a Consistent, Formal Tone | |
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Use Small Words and Short Sentences | |
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Be Precise | |
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Be Concise | |
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Be Cautious | |
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Your Own Style | |
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Checklists | |
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Parts of Speech | |
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Punctuation | |
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Style | |
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Summary | |
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Preparing the Final Draft | |
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Presentation: Appearance Matters | |
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Paper, Margins, Spacing, and Spaces | |
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Word Processor Settings: Making Your Word Processor Help You | |
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Fonts | |
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APA Format | |
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Page Headers and the Title Page | |
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Paragraphs | |
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Headings | |
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Italics | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Numbers | |
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Tables and Figures | |
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Conclusions | |
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Format Checklists | |
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General Appearance Checklist | |
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Headings and Headers Checklist | |
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Numbers Checklist | |
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Citations and References Checklist | |
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Abbreviations Checklist | |
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Title Page Checklist | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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APA Copy Style Versus APA Final-Form Style | |
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Problem Plurals | |
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Index | |