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| About the Authors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Aim and Scope of the Book | |
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| Evolutionary Biology Describes the History of Life and Explains Why Organisms Are the Way They Are | |
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| Evolutionary Biology Is a Valuable Tool | |
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| Molecular Biology and Evolutionary Biology Are Overlapping Fields of Study | |
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| An Overview of Evolutionary Biology | |
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| The History of Evolutionary Biology: Evolution and Genetics | |
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| A Brief Summary of Modern Genetics and Evolution | |
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| Evolution before Darwin | |
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| Charles Darwin | |
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| The Eclipse of Natural Selection | |
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| The Evolutionary Synthesis | |
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| The Origin of Molecular Biology | |
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| The Beginnings of Molecular Biology | |
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| Evolutionary and Molecular Biology: A New Synthesis? | |
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| Evidence for Evolution | |
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| Evidence for Evolution | |
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| Objections to Evolution | |
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| Science and Society | |
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| The Origin and Diversification of Life | |
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| The Origin of Life | |
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| When Did Life Begin on Earth? | |
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| How Did Life Begin on Earth? | |
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| The Last Universal Common Ancestor and the Tree of Life | |
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| Tracing Early Evolutionary History | |
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| Universal Homologies, LUCA, and the Tree of Life | |
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| Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea. I: Phylogeny and Biology | |
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| Introduction to the Bacteria and Archaea | |
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| Phylogenetic Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea | |
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| Biological Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea | |
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| Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea. II: Genetics and Genomics | |
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| The Nature of Archaeal and Bacterial Genomes | |
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| Lateral Transfer of DNA | |
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| The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes | |
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| Introduction to the Eukaryotes | |
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| Endosymbioses Have Played a Key Role in the Evolution of Eukaryotes | |
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| Structure and Evolution of the Nuclear Genome | |
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| Eukaryotic Diversification | |
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| Multicellularity and Development | |
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| How Multicellularity Happens | |
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| Division of Labor through Differentiation | |
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| Diversity of Body Plans | |
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| Genetics of Building a Body Plan | |
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| Diversification of Plants and Animals | |
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| Fossilization and Geological Time | |
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| The Flow of the Evolution of Life-forms | |
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| The Next 500 Million Years-Life Since the Cambrian Period | |
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| Patterns of Evolution | |
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| Evolution of Developmental Programs | |
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| Anterior-Posterior Patterning: Hox Gene Regulation of Development | |
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| Hox Genes Are Shown to Be Involved in Evolutionary Change | |
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| Skeletal Evolution in Sticklebacks | |
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| Evolution of Maize from Teosinte | |
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| Universality of Developmental Systems | |
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| Evolutionary Processes | |
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| Generation of Variation by Mutation and Recombination | |
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| Mutations and Mechanisms for Their Generation | |
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| Protection, Prevention, and Correction Mechanisms Limit the Number of Mutations Caused by DNA Damage and Replication Errors | |
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| Rates and Patterns of Mutations | |
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| Generation of Variation by Mixing: Sex and Lateral Gene Transfer | |
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| Variation in DNA and Proteins | |
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| Genetic Variation | |
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| Types of Genetic Variation | |
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| Variation in Genetically Complex Traits | |
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| Introduction to Quantitative Traits | |
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| Analyzing Quantitative Variation | |
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| The Genetic Basis of Quantitative Variation | |
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| Generation of Quantitative Variation | |
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| Random Genetic Drift | |
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| Evolution Is a Largely Random Process | |
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| Random Drift of Allele Frequencies | |
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| Coalescence | |
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| The Neutral Theory | |
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| Recombination and Random Drift | |
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| Population Structure | |
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| Gene Flow | |
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| Gene Flow Interacts with Other Evolutionary Forces | |
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| Genealogies in Structured Populations | |
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| Selection on Variation | |
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| The Nature of Selection | |
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| Selection on Quantitative Traits | |
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| Selection on Multiple Genes | |
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| The Interaction between Selection and Other Forces | |
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| Selection and Random Drift | |
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| Selection and Gene Flow | |
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| Balancing Selection | |
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| Mutation and Selection | |
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| Measuring Selection | |
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| Direct Measurement of Selection | |
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| Indirect Measurement | |
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| Selection on Linked Loci | |
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| Selection on Noncoding DNA | |
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| The Extent of Selection | |
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| Phenotypic Evolution | |
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| Evolutionary Optimization | |
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| Aging | |
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| Evolutionary Games | |
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| Sexual Selection | |
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| Conflict and Cooperation | |
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| Social Evolution | |
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| Conflict between Genes | |
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| Interactions between Relatives | |
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| Evolution of Cooperation | |
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| Species and Speciation | |
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| Defining Species | |
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| The Genetics of Speciation | |
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| Mechanisms of Speciation | |
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| The Geography of Speciation | |
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| Evolution of Genetic Systems | |
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| Studying the Evolution of Genetic Systems | |
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| Evolution of Mutation Rates | |
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| Evolution of Sex and Recombination | |
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| Consequences of Sex | |
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| Evolution of Evolvability | |
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| Evolution of Novelty | |
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| The Basic Features of Novelty | |
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| Changes in the Activity of Gene Products | |
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| Changes in Gene Regulation and Interactions within a Network: Targeting, Differentiation, and Development | |
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| Redundancy | |
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| Robustness, Modularity, and Compartmentalization | |
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| Acquiring New Functions from Other Species: Gene Transfer and Symbiosis | |
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| Natural Selection over Long Periods of Time Leads to the Origin of Novelty | |
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| Human Evolution | |
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| Human Evolutionary History | |
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| Placing Humans on the Tree of Life | |
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| The Evolution of Hominins | |
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| Genetics and Human Evolution | |
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| Genomics and Humanness | |
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| Current Issues in Human Evolution | |
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| The Genetic Basis of Disease | |
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| Understanding Human Nature | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Figure Credits | |
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| Index | |