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| Foundations of Clinical Research | |
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| A Concept of Research | |
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| A Definition of Clinical Research | |
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| Contemporary Perspectives | |
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| Sources of Knowledge | |
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| Types of Research | |
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| The Research Process | |
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| Understanding Method, Content, and Philosophy | |
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| Commentary: Research and Clinical Problem Solving | |
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| The Role of Theory in Clinical Research | |
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| Purposes of Theories | |
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| Components of Theories | |
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| Types of Theories | |
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| Characteristics of Theories | |
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| Theory and Research | |
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| Theory and Law | |
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| Commentary: Applying Theory | |
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| Ethical Issues in Clinical Research | |
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| Integrity of the Researcher | |
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| Protection of Human Rights in Clinical Research | |
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| Institutional Review Board | |
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| Elements of Informed Consent | |
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| Commentary: A Patient Care Perspective | |
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| Concepts of Measurement | |
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| Principles of Measurement | |
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| Quantification and Measurement | |
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| The Indirect Nature of Measurement | |
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| Rules of Measurement | |
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| Commentary: When Is an Ordinal Measure Not an Ordinal Measure? | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Measurement Error | |
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| Reliability Coefficients | |
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| Types of Reliability | |
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| Generalizability | |
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| Pilot Testing | |
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| Commentary: What Is the True Score? | |
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| Validity of Measurements | |
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| Validity and Reliability | |
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| Validity of Inferences | |
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| Face Validity | |
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| Content Validity | |
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| Criterion-Related Validity | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| Evaluating Diagnostic Procedures | |
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| Measuring Change | |
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| Criterion Referencing and Norm Referencing | |
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| Cross-Validation | |
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| Commentary: The Ongoing Pursuit of Validity | |
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| Design | |
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| The Research Question | |
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| Selecting a Topic | |
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| The Research Problem | |
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| Importance and Feasibility of the Research Question | |
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| Target Population | |
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| The Research Rationale | |
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| Variables | |
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| Research Objectives | |
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| Reviewing the Literature | |
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| Pilot Testing | |
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| Commentary: Putting the Horse before the Cart | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Populations and Samples | |
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| Sampling Techniques | |
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| Probability Sampling | |
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| Nonprobability Sampling | |
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| Recruitment | |
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| Commentary: Sampling, Like Life, is a Compromise | |
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| Experimental Control | |
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| Characteristics of Experiments | |
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| The Research Protocol | |
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| Blinding | |
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| Design Strategies for Controlling Intersubject Differences | |
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| Threats to Validity | |
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| Commentary: The Realities of Clinical Research | |
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| Experimental Design | |
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| Selecting a Design | |
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| Design Notation | |
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| True Experimental Designs | |
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| Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Commentary: The Design Should Fit the Question | |
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| Sequential Clinical Trials | |
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| The Design of a Sequential Trial | |
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| Measuring Preferences | |
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| Sequential Plans for Evaluating Preferences | |
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| Limitations of Sequential Designs | |
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| Commentary: Try It, You'll Like It | |
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| Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Structure of Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Target Behavior | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Experimental Control: Limitations of the A-B Design | |
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| Withdrawal Designs | |
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| Multiple-Treatment Designs | |
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| Multiple-Baseline Designs | |
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| Changing Criterion Design | |
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| Data Analysis in Single-Subject Research | |
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| Generalization of Findings | |
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| Commentary: It's a Start | |
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| Descriptive and Exploratory Research | |
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| Retrospective and Prospective Research | |
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| Descriptive Research | |
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| Exploratory Research | |
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| Commentary: First Things First | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Interviews and Questionnaires | |
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| Design of Surveys | |
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| Constructing Survey Questions | |
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| Scales | |
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| Q-Sort | |
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| Delphi Survey | |
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| Analysis of Survey Data | |
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| Informed Consent | |
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| Commentary: They Have a Thousand and One Uses | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Descriptive Epidemiology | |
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| Analytic Designs: Observational Studies | |
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| Analytic Designs: Clinical Trials | |
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| Measures of Association | |
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| Evaluating Causality in Observational Studies | |
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| Commentary: A New View of Outcomes | |
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| Other Research Approaches | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| Methodological Research | |
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| Secondary Analysis | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Historical Research | |
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| Commentary: Moving Forward | |
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| Analysis | |
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| Descriptive Statistics and Measures of Variability | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| The Normal Distribution | |
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| Commentary: Description Only Goes So Far | |
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| Statistical Inference | |
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| Probability | |
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| Sampling Error | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Errors in Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Type I Error: Level of Significance | |
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| Type II Error: Statistical Power | |
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| Concepts of Statistical Testing | |
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| Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics | |
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| Commentary: Statistical versus Clinical Significance | |
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| The t-Test | |
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| The Conceptual Basis for Comparing Group Means | |
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| The t-Test for Independent Samples | |
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| The t-Test for Paired Samples | |
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| Inappropriate Use of Multiple t-Tests | |
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| Use of Confidence Intervals to Test Differences between Means | |
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| Commentary: The Significance of Significance | |
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| Analysis of Variance | |
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| Analysis of Variance for Independent Samples: One-Way Classification | |
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| Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Classification | |
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| Analysis of Variance: Three-Way Classification | |
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| Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance | |
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| Commentary: Beyond Analysis of Variance | |
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| Multiple Comparison Tests | |
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| Type I Error Rate: Per Comparison versus Family | |
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| Statistical Ratios for Multiple Comparison Tests | |
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| Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference | |
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| Newman-Keuls Method | |
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| Scheffe's Comparison | |
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| Bonferroni t-Test | |
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| Simple and Complex Contrasts | |
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| Presentation of Results of Multiple Comparisons | |
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| Multiple Comparison Procedures for Factorial Designs | |
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| Multiple Comparison Procedures for Repeated Measures | |
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| Trend Analysis | |
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| Commentary: Choices, Choices, Choices | |
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| Nonparametric Tests for Group Comparisons | |
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| Criteria for Choosing Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Procedure for Ranking Scores | |
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| Test for Two Independent Samples: Mann-Whitney U-Test | |
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| Test for More than Two Independent Samples: Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | |
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| Tests for Two Correlated Samples: Sign Test and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test | |
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| Test for More than Two Correlated Samples: Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | |
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| Commentary: Decisions, Decisions, Decisions | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Scatter Plots | |
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| Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Linear versus Curvilinear Relationships | |
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| Criteria for Evaluating Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Correlation of Ranks: Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Correlation of Dichotomies | |
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| Interpreting Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Commentary: The Stork Was Busy | |
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| Regression | |
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| Linear Regression | |
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| Assumptions for Regression Analysis | |
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| Outliers | |
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| Accuracy of Prediction | |
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| Analysis of Variance of Regression | |
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| Restrictions on the Interpretation of Linear Regression Analysis | |
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| Nonlinear Regression | |
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| Analysis of Covariance | |
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| Commentary: It's Not That Simple | |
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| Analysis of Frequencies: Chi-square | |
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| The Chi-square Statistic | |
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| Goodness of Fit | |
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| Interpreting Significant Effects: Standardized Residuals | |
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| Tests of Independence | |
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| McNemar Test for Correlated Samples | |
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| Coefficients of Association | |
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| Commentary: Uses of Chi-square | |
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| Statistical Measures of Reliability | |
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| Reliability Theory and Measurement Error | |
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| Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Agreement | |
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| Internal Consistency: Cronbach's Alpha | |
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| Response Stability | |
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| Alternate Forms: Limits of Agreement | |
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| Commentary: Know Your Reliability Coefficient | |
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| Multivariate Analysis | |
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| Partial Correlation | |
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| Multiple Regression | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| Discriminant Analysis | |
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| Factor Analysis | |
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| Multivariate Analysis of Variance | |
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| Commentary: Can We Keep It Simple? | |
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| Data Management | |
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| Recording Data | |
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| Data Coding | |
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| Data Entry | |
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| Data Modification | |
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| Data Management | |
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| Commentary: "Anyone can analyze data, but to really mess things up takes a computer." | |
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| Communication | |
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| Writing a Research Proposal | |
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| Components of the Research Plan | |
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| Plan for Administrative Support | |
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| Presentation of the Proposal | |
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| Commentary: Review, Revise, Edit, Revise, Review | |
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| Reporting the Results of Clinical Research | |
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| The Journal Article | |
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| The Poster Presentation | |
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| The Oral Presentation | |
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| Commentary: Taking the Final Step | |
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| Evaluating Research Reports | |
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| Analyzing Content of an Article | |
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| Commentary: The Reader's View | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| Summary of Statistical Procedures | |
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| Power and Sample Size | |
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| The Effect Size Index | |
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| Power Analysis for the t-Test | |
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| Power Analysis for the Analysis of Variance | |
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| Power Analysis for Correlation | |
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| Power Analysis for Regression | |
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| Power Analysis for Chi-square | |
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| Transformation of Data | |
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| Sample Informed Consent Form | |
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| Glossary of Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations | |
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| Index | |