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| List of Illustrations | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Preface | |
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| Overview | |
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| Languages and Their Status | |
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| Popular Misconceptions | |
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| Diversity | |
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| "Primitive" Languages | |
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| Speech, Writing, and Nonliterate Societies | |
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| Population and Language Diversity | |
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| Language Vitality | |
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| Language and Government Policy | |
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| Literacy and Language Maintenance | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Languages and Structures | |
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| Languages and Structures | |
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| Sound Systems | |
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| Grammatical Systems | |
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| Possession: Example from Acoma | |
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| Gender: Example from Plains Cree | |
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| Number: Example from Shasta | |
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| Person Reference: Examples from Aztec and Shoshoni | |
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| Classifying Verbs: Examples from the Apachean Languages | |
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| Evidentials: Examples from the Andes | |
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| Sound Symbolism in California Languages | |
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| Fundamentals of Language Expression | |
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| Common Grammatical Features | |
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| Tense and Aspect Marking | |
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| Case Marking | |
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| Other Grammatical Features | |
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| Inclusive-exclusive Distinction | |
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| Number | |
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| Reduplication | |
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| Suppletion | |
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| Location-direction Affixation | |
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| Instrumental Prefixes | |
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| Noun-object Incorporation | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Languages and Cultural Domains | |
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| Languages and Cultural Domains | |
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| Cultural Domain and Plant Taxonomy: Kashaya Pomo | |
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| Cultural Domain and Geographic Orientation | |
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| Guarijio Directionals | |
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| Other Directional Systems | |
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| Cultural Domain and Geographic Orientation | |
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| Chumash Placenames | |
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| Other Placenames | |
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| Languages and Social Space: Shoshoni Deixis | |
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| Language and Counting Systems | |
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| The Aztec Vigesimal System | |
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| Other Counting Systems | |
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| California Counting Systems | |
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| Counting Systems in the Americas | |
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| Classificatory Systems and World View: Numeral Classifiers in Northwest California Languages | |
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| Worldview and the Hopi | |
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| Worldview, Classificatory Systems, and Navajo | |
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| The Cultural Uses of Taxonomies: The Slave Classification of Ice | |
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| Language, Cognition, and Culture | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Languages and Social Domains | |
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| Languages and Social Organization | |
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| Language Communities in the Great Basin | |
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| Social Groupings | |
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| Linguistic Enculturation | |
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| Fashions of Speaking and Cultural Focus | |
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| Fashions of Speaking and Social Category | |
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| Multilingualism and Multidialectalism | |
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| Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes | |
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| Language Communities in the Pueblos | |
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| Social Groupings | |
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| Linguistic Enculturation | |
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| Fashions of Speaking and Cultural Focus | |
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| Fashions of Speaking and Social Category | |
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| Multilingualism and Multidialectalism | |
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| Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes | |
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| Language Communities of the Creek Confederacy | |
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| Bilingualism | |
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| Fashions of Speaking | |
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| Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes | |
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| Language Communities of the Aztec Empire | |
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| Social Groupings | |
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| Education and the Verbal Arts | |
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| Fashions of Speaking and the Verbal Arts | |
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| Oratory and Moral Instruction | |
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| Poetry | |
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| Historical Chronicles | |
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| Doublets and Metaphors | |
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| The Place of Writing | |
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| The Place of Nahuatl in Mesoamerica | |
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| Markets, Traders, and Artisans | |
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| Speech Community, the Social Group, and Culture | |
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| Society, Language Boundaries, and Linguistic Diversity | |
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| Culture, Belief Systems, and Language | |
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| Limiting Factors | |
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| American Indian Speech Communities Today | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Performers and Performances | |
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| California Storytellers and Storytelling | |
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| A Conversation with a California Storyteller | |
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| Bungling Host, Benevolent Host: A Chinook Narrative | |
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| An Old Lady's Lament: A Havasupai Song | |
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| Male Shooting Chant Evil-chasing: A Navajo Prayer | |
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| The Language of Three Kuna Performance Types | |
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| Performances and Cross-cultural Comparison | |
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| Prose, Poetry, and Playwriting | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Fashions of Speaking | |
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| Speech and Social Category: Respect Speech among the Aztec and Guarijio | |
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| Aztec Reverential | |
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| Guarijio Speaking for Two | |
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| Respect Speech | |
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| Speech and Social Category: Men's and Women's Speech in Yana | |
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| Baby Talk in Cocopa | |
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| Expressive Speech: Swearing, Speech Play, and Word Taboo | |
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| Diminutive, Augmentative, and Expressive Speech in the Northwest Coast | |
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| Form and Function | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Silence: The Western Apache | |
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| Kickapoo and Mazatec Whistle Speech | |
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| Kickapoo Whistle Speech | |
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| Mazatec Whistle Speech | |
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| Plains Sign Language | |
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| The System | |
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| Origin, Use, and Function | |
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| Direct-signaling Systems and Their Communicative Purposes | |
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| Long Distance Systems | |
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| Picture "Writing" | |
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| Wampum | |
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| Totem Carvings | |
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| Quipus | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Written Word | |
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| Mesoamerican Writing | |
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| The Mayan Hieroglyphic System | |
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| Aztec Writing | |
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| The Use of Writing in Mesoamerica | |
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| The Invention of the Cherokee Syllabary | |
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| The Use of the Cherokee Syllabary | |
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| The Cree Syllabary | |
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| Other Post-Columbian Writing Traditions | |
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| Writing and Its Uses | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Languages in Contact | |
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| Multilingualism | |
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| The Vaupes | |
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| California | |
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| Marriage | |
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| Ritual Alliances | |
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| Trade | |
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| The Inca Empire | |
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| Paraguay | |
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| Navajo Code Talkers | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Lingua Francas | |
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| Pidgins and Creoles | |
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| Chinook Jargon | |
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| Other American Indian Pidgins | |
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| Mobilian | |
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| Other Pidgins | |
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| The Vaupes: Lingua Francas | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Language Contact | |
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| Loanwords in Huasteca Nahuatl | |
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| Lake Miwok: A Case of Borrowing and Structural Change | |
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| Lexical Acculturation in a Colonial Setting | |
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| Mountain Pima | |
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| Comanche | |
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| Semantic Extension in Western Apache | |
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| A Shift to the Colonial Languages | |
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| Mitchif: A Special Case | |
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| Changes in the Americas' Colonial Languages | |
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| American English | |
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| Mexican Spanish | |
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| Andean Spanish | |
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| Language Contact and Bilingualism | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Languages in Time and Space | |
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| Languages and Shared Histories | |
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| The Cree Dialects | |
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| Characteristic Features | |
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| Dialect Differences | |
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| The Uto-Aztecan Family | |
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| Cognates and Regular Sound Correspondences | |
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| Loanwords | |
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| Internal Classification | |
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| Time Depth, Dating, and Glottochronology | |
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| The Possession of "Pet": An Areal Trait in the Southwest | |
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| A Linguistic Area: Mesoamerica | |
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| Sound Symbolism: A Diffusional Trait of the Pacific Coast | |
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| California: Language Families and Diffusional Areas | |
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| Genetic Units | |
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| Hokan | |
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| Penutian | |
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| Other Genetic Units | |
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| Diffusion of Linguistic Traits | |
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| Front and Back [t], a Diffused Phonetic Trait | |
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| Other Diffused Phonetic Traits | |
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| Number Systems | |
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| Discovering Remote Relationships | |
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| Algic | |
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| Macro-Siouan | |
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| History of Classification | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Use of Language as a Tool for Prehistory | |
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| Navajo Etymologies, and Reconstructed Vocabulary | |
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| The Algonquian Homeland | |
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| The Numic Homeland | |
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| Early Spanish and Aztec Loans in Northwest Mexico | |
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| Nonlinguistic Information Gleaned from Linguistic Evidence | |
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| Establishing the Direction of Borrowing | |
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| California Revisited | |
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| Distribution and Diversity | |
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| "The Case of the Broken Bottle" | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Spread and Distribution of Language Families | |
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| Eastern North America | |
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| Western North America | |
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| Middle America | |
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| South America | |
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| The Highlands | |
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| The Lowlands | |
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| The Southern Cone | |
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| Sources | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Phonetic Symbols and Their Meaning | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Voicing | |
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| Place of Articulation | |
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| Other Consonantal Distinctions: Glottalization, Aspiration, and Length | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Additional Comments | |
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| A List of Language Families of North America | |
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| Alphabetical Guide to the List | |
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| Language Families of North America | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |