| |
| |
| Author's Preface (1958) | |
| |
| |
| A Dialogic Introduction by Traian Stoianovich (1999) | |
| |
| |
| Note on Spelling and Place Names | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Land and the People | |
| |
| |
| Location | |
| |
| |
| Terrain | |
| |
| |
| Rivers and Routes | |
| |
| |
| Climate and Resources | |
| |
| |
| People | |
| |
| |
| Balkan and Western Ethnography | |
| |
| |
| Nongeographic Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Background | |
| |
| |
| Greek Period | |
| |
| |
| Macedon Dominates the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| Rome Unites the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| Rome to Byzantium | |
| |
| |
| Coming of the Slavs | |
| |
| |
| Medieval Balkan Empires | |
| |
| |
| Eve of the Turkish Conquest | |
| |
| |
| Byzantium in Retrospect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Age of Ottoman Ascendancy: To 1566 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coming of the Ottoman Turks: to 1402 | |
| |
| |
| Pre-Ottoman Turks | |
| |
| |
| Osman: Founder of the Ottoman Empire | |
| |
| |
| Bases of Ottoman Power | |
| |
| |
| Orkhan Prepares for Conquest | |
| |
| |
| State of Christendom | |
| |
| |
| Crossing to Europe | |
| |
| |
| Murad Defeats the South Slavs | |
| |
| |
| Bayezid the Thunderbolt | |
| |
| |
| Nicopolis Crusade | |
| |
| |
| Timur the Lame | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conquest of the Balkans: 1403-1481 | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Murad II | |
| |
| |
| Varna Crusade | |
| |
| |
| Mohammed's Preparations | |
| |
| |
| Fall of Constantinople | |
| |
| |
| Aftermath | |
| |
| |
| Mohammed Subjugates the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| War with Venice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Empire at Its Height: 1481-1566 | |
| |
| |
| Bayezid II | |
| |
| |
| Selim I and the Trade Routes | |
| |
| |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe | |
| |
| |
| Victory at Mohacs | |
| |
| |
| Defeat at Vienna | |
| |
| |
| Truce on the Danube | |
| |
| |
| Persian and Mediterranean Expeditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Lands and Peoples | |
| |
| |
| Sultan and Slaves | |
| |
| |
| Recruiting and Training of Slaves | |
| |
| |
| Armed Forces and Administration | |
| |
| |
| The Moslem Institution | |
| |
| |
| The Divan | |
| |
| |
| Status of Non-Moslems | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Culture | |
| |
| |
| The Osmanli and the Turk | |
| |
| |
| |
| Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman Rule | |
| |
| |
| Migrations of Peoples | |
| |
| |
| Administration | |
| |
| |
| Autonomous Regions | |
| |
| |
| Patriarchate | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Christianity | |
| |
| |
| Folk Culture | |
| |
| |
| Ecclesiastical Culture | |
| |
| |
| "Pax Ottomanica" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Age of Ottoman Decline: 1566-1815 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decline of the Ottoman Empire | |
| |
| |
| Degeneration of the Dynasty | |
| |
| |
| Corruption of the Administration | |
| |
| |
| Disintegration of the Armed Forces | |
| |
| |
| Ruling Oligarchy | |
| |
| |
| Economic Subservience to the West | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman and Western Military Developments | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman and Western Political Evolution | |
| |
| |
| Western Science and Ottoman "Eyes of Oxen" | |
| |
| |
| Plague Epidemics | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Decline in Retrospect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Balkan Peninsula during Ottoman Decline | |
| |
| |
| Territorial Changes | |
| |
| |
| Timar to Chiflik | |
| |
| |
| Growth of Commerce and Industry | |
| |
| |
| Political Developments | |
| |
| |
| Passing of the Theocratic Age | |
| |
| |
| Role of the Orthodox Church | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defeat by Austria: Recession to the Danube: 1566-1699 | |
| |
| |
| Selim II: 1566-1574 | |
| |
| |
| Rule of the Sultanas | |
| |
| |
| War on the Danube | |
| |
| |
| Murad IV: 1623-1640 | |
| |
| |
| Decline Continues: 1640-1656 | |
| |
| |
| Kiuprili Vizirs: 1656-1676 | |
| |
| |
| Russia and the Ukraine | |
| |
| |
| Siege of Vienna: 1683 | |
| |
| |
| War of the Holy League: 1683-1699 | |
| |
| |
| Treaty of Karlowitz: 1699 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defeat by Russia: Recession to the Dniester: 1699-1792 | |
| |
| |
| Defeat of Peter the Great | |
| |
| |
| Reconquest of the Peloponnesus | |
| |
| |
| War with Austria (Passarowitz Treaty: 1718) | |
| |
| |
| War with Austria and Russia (Belgrade Treaty: 1739) | |
| |
| |
| Three Decades of Peace: 1739-1768 | |
| |
| |
| Catherine's First Turkish War: 1768-1774 | |
| |
| |
| Catherine's Second Turkish War: 1787-1792 | |
| |
| |
| Treaty of Sistova: 1791 | |
| |
| |
| Treaty of Jassy: 1792 | |
| |
| |
| Jassy and the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Balkans, the French Revolution, and Napoleon: 1792-1815 | |
| |
| |
| French Rule in the Ionian Islands | |
| |
| |
| Napoleon Invades Egypt: Balkan Repercussions | |
| |
| |
| Selim Joins Napoleon: Balkan Repercussions | |
| |
| |
| French in Dalmatia | |
| |
| |
| Tilsit, Bucharest, Vienna | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Aftermath | |
| |
| |
| |
| Age of Nationalism: 1815-1878 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamics of Balkan Politics: 1815-1878 | |
| |
| |
| Continued Ottoman Decline | |
| |
| |
| Revolutionary Balkan Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Intervention by the Great Powers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Serbian Revolution and the South Slavs to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| South Slavs under Foreign Rule (Slovenia, Croatia, Voivodina, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia) | |
| |
| |
| Belgrade Pashalik under Turkish Rule | |
| |
| |
| Intellectual Awakening | |
| |
| |
| Roots of Revolt | |
| |
| |
| Course of the Revolt: 1804-1813 | |
| |
| |
| Winning of Autonomy: 1813-1830 | |
| |
| |
| Serbia under Milosh | |
| |
| |
| Alexander Karageorge: 1842-1858 | |
| |
| |
| The Obrenoviches to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Hapsburg Slavs to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Greek Revolution and Independent Statehood to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Greek Imperial World | |
| |
| |
| Greek Peasant World | |
| |
| |
| Economic Revival | |
| |
| |
| National Awakening | |
| |
| |
| Eve of Revolt | |
| |
| |
| Revolution and Stalemate: 1821-1824 | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Intervention to Navarino: 1825-1827 | |
| |
| |
| Navarino to Independence | |
| |
| |
| Political Developments to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Developments to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Reform and Near Eastern Crises: 1831-1852 | |
| |
| |
| Mahmud and the Janissaries | |
| |
| |
| Near Eastern Crisis: 1831-1833 | |
| |
| |
| Near Eastern Crisis: 1839-1841 | |
| |
| |
| Reshid and the Reform Movement: 1839-1852 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crimean War: 1853-1856 | |
| |
| |
| Strategic and Commercial Background | |
| |
| |
| Diplomatic Preliminaries | |
| |
| |
| Holy Places Dispute | |
| |
| |
| Steps to War | |
| |
| |
| War | |
| |
| |
| Treaty of Paris | |
| |
| |
| Balkan and European Repercussions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making of Rumania to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Historical Background | |
| |
| |
| Peasant Problem | |
| |
| |
| Rise of Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Winning of Unity: 1856-1859 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Developments to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Political Developments to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Transylvania, Bukovina, and Bessarabia to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bulgarian Awakening to 1878 | |
| |
| |
| Turkish Rule | |
| |
| |
| Greek Prelates | |
| |
| |
| Regenerative Forces | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Awakening | |
| |
| |
| Bulgarian Exarchate | |
| |
| |
| Revolutionary Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reform and Revolution in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1877 | |
| |
| |
| Nature of Reform Problem and of Balkan Politics | |
| |
| |
| Failure of Reform in the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| Revolution and Reaction in the Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
| Balkan Crisis and the Treaty of Berlin: 1878 | |
| |
| |
| European Background: Three Emperors' League | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Background: First Balkan Alliance System | |
| |
| |
| Revolt in Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| |
| |
| Failure of Mediation | |
| |
| |
| War in the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| Constantinople Conference | |
| |
| |
| Russo-Turkish War | |
| |
| |
| Treaty of San Stefano | |
| |
| |
| Treaty of Berlin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Age of Imperialism and Capitalism: 1878-1914 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamics of Balkan Politics: 1878-1914 | |
| |
| |
| The New Imperialism | |
| |
| |
| The New Capitalism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making of Bulgaria: 1878-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Dynamics of Bulgarian Politics | |
| |
| |
| Russia Fails in Bulgaria: 1878-1885 | |
| |
| |
| Unification of Bulgaria: 1885-1886 | |
| |
| |
| Abdication of Alexander: 1886 | |
| |
| |
| Ferdinand and Stambulov: 1887-1894 | |
| |
| |
| Bulgaria under Ferdinand: 1894-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development to 1914 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Serbia and the South Slavs: 1878-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Austria's Tunis | |
| |
| |
| The Last Obrenovich | |
| |
| |
| Revolution and Revival | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Hapsburg Slavs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Greece: 1878-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Pursuit of Irredentism | |
| |
| |
| Crisis at Home | |
| |
| |
| Recovery under Venizelos | |
| |
| |
| Economic Developments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rumania: 1878-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Aftermath of 1878: The 1883 Secret Alliance | |
| |
| |
| Political Evolution | |
| |
| |
| The Peasant Revolt | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Irredentism and Foreign Policy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Albanian Awakening to 1914 | |
| |
| |
| Albania under the Turks | |
| |
| |
| Albanian League | |
| |
| |
| National Awakening | |
| |
| |
| Struggle for Autonomy | |
| |
| |
| William of Wied | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diplomatic Developments: 1878-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Aftermath of the Berlin Congress | |
| |
| |
| Macedonian Problem | |
| |
| |
| Macedonia, the Balkan States, and the Great Powers | |
| |
| |
| Young Turk Revolt | |
| |
| |
| Bosnian Crisis | |
| |
| |
| Balkan League | |
| |
| |
| First Balkan War | |
| |
| |
| Second Balkan War | |
| |
| |
| On the Eve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Age of War and Crisis: 1914-- | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sarajevo and War: 1914-1918 | |
| |
| |
| The Murder | |
| |
| |
| The Conspiracy | |
| |
| |
| War | |
| |
| |
| Serbia's Triumph | |
| |
| |
| Dardanelles and Gallipoli | |
| |
| |
| Bulgaria's Intervention | |
| |
| |
| Occupation of Serbia | |
| |
| |
| Rumanian Intervention | |
| |
| |
| Greek Intervention | |
| |
| |
| Allied Victory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Peace Settlement: 1918-1923 | |
| |
| |
| The Old Order Passes | |
| |
| |
| Saint Germain Treaty | |
| |
| |
| Trianon Treaty | |
| |
| |
| Neuilly Treaty | |
| |
| |
| Sevres Treaty | |
| |
| |
| Turkish Revival | |
| |
| |
| Greek Crisis | |
| |
| |
| Greco-Turkish War | |
| |
| |
| Lausanne Treaty | |
| |
| |
| The New Balkans | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Dynamics of Balkan Politics: 1918-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Trends (Land Distribution, Population Pressure, Low Productivity, External Pressures, Role of Governments, Failure of Industrialization, German Domination, Conclusion) | |
| |
| |
| Social and Cultural Trends (Variations, Food and Housing, Health, Emigration, Education, State Administration) | |
| |
| |
| Political Trends (Pattern, Agrarianism, Dictatorships, Communism) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Yugoslavia: 1918-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Seeds of Disunity: Centralism versus Federalism | |
| |
| |
| Land Reform | |
| |
| |
| Triumph of Centralism: 1921 Constitution | |
| |
| |
| Political Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Political Deadlock: 1921-1928 | |
| |
| |
| Alexander's Dictatorship: 1929-1934 | |
| |
| |
| Regency: 1934-1941 | |
| |
| |
| Eve of War | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Social and Cultural Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bulgaria: 1918-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Stambuliski's Regime: 1918-1923 | |
| |
| |
| 1923 Coup | |
| |
| |
| Reaction: 1923-1934 | |
| |
| |
| Military and Royal Dictatorship: 1934-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Social and Cultural Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Greece: 1918-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Republic Established: 1923-1928 | |
| |
| |
| Venizelist Rule: 1928-1933 | |
| |
| |
| Fall of the Republic: 1933-1935 | |
| |
| |
| Monarchy to Dictatorship: 1935-1936 | |
| |
| |
| Metaxas Dictatorship: 1936-1941 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Social and Cultural Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rumania: 1918-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Land Reform: 1918-1921 | |
| |
| |
| Liberal Rule: 1922-1928 | |
| |
| |
| Peasant Rule: 1928-1930 | |
| |
| |
| Carol's Triumph: 1930-1938 | |
| |
| |
| Royal Dictatorship: 1938-1940 | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Social and Cultural Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Albania: 1918-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Occupation: 1914-1918 | |
| |
| |
| Independence Regained: 1918-1920 | |
| |
| |
| Problems of Independence | |
| |
| |
| Political Instability: 1920-1924 | |
| |
| |
| President Zog: 1925-1928 | |
| |
| |
| King Zog: 1928-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Italian Occupation | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Social and Cultural Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diplomatic Developments: 1918-1941 | |
| |
| |
| French Alliance System: 1920-1927 | |
| |
| |
| Italian Alliance System: 1926-1930 | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Conferences: 1930-1933 | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Entente: 1934 | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Entente Undermined: 1934-1937 | |
| |
| |
| German Ascendancy: 1938-1939 | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Entente Destroyed: 1939-1940 | |
| |
| |
| Hitler's Fateful Decision: July 31, 1940 | |
| |
| |
| Italian-Greek War: 1940-1941 | |
| |
| |
| Operations Marita and Barbarossa: December, 1940 | |
| |
| |
| Hitler Intervenes: April 6, 1941 | |
| |
| |
| Swastika over the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| |
| Occupation, Resistance, and Liberation: 1941-1945 | |
| |
| |
| Pattern of Occupation and Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Rumania | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Bulgaria | |
| |
| |
| Occupied Yugoslavia (Partition, First Resistance, Tito's Partisans, Mihailovich's Chetniks, Tito's Triumph, Partisan Administration) | |
| |
| |
| Occupied Greece (Occupation and Partition, National Liberation Front [EAM], Nationalist Bands, Resistance Struggle, EAM Administration) | |
| |
| |
| Occupied Albania | |
| |
| |
| The New Spirit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hidden War, Cold War, and Peace Settlement in 1947 | |
| |
| |
| British Agents and Balkan Guerrillas | |
| |
| |
| "The Brute Issues" | |
| |
| |
| Anglo-Russian Division of the Balkans: Summer, 1944 | |
| |
| |
| Red Army in Rumania and Bulgaria: Fall 1944 | |
| |
| |
| British Diplomacy in Yugoslavia and Greece: Fall, 1940 | |
| |
| |
| Division of the Balkans Confirmed: October, 1944 | |
| |
| |
| Crisis in Greece: November-December, 1944 | |
| |
| |
| Battle of Athens: December, 1944-January, 1945 | |
| |
| |
| Yalta | |
| |
| |
| Yalta Violated | |
| |
| |
| Peace Settlement | |
| |
| |
| Epilogue | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |