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| Contributors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| The Role of Aquaculture | |
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| Seafood demand | |
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| Seafood supply | |
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| Seafood trade | |
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| Status of aquaculture | |
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| Production systems | |
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| The future and the challenge | |
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| References | |
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| History of Aquaculture | |
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| Beginnings of aquaculture | |
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| Expansion prior to the mid-1800s | |
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| The explosion of hatcheries | |
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| Art becomes science | |
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| Commercial finfish species development | |
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| Shrimp culture | |
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| Mollusk culture | |
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| Controversy | |
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| References | |
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| Functions and Characteristics of All Aquaculture Systems | |
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| Differences in aquatic and terrestrial livestock | |
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| Ecological services provided by aquaculture production systems | |
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| Diversity of aquaculture animals | |
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| Temperature classifications of aquacultured animals | |
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| Temperature control in aquaculture systems | |
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| Providing oxygen in aquaculture systems | |
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| Waste control in aquaculture systems | |
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| Aquaculture systems as providers of natural foods | |
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| References | |
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| Characterization and Categories of Aquaculture Production Systems | |
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| Open systems | |
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| Semi-closed systems | |
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| Closed systems | |
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| Hybrid systems | |
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| References | |
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| Shellfish Aquaculture | |
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| Major species in culture (oysters, clams, scallops, mussels) | |
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| History | |
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| Biology | |
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| Culture basics | |
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| Extensive versus intensive culture | |
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| Spat collection: hatchery, nursery, growout | |
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| Cultured algae | |
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| Spawning | |
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| Larval development | |
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| Setting | |
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| Nursery and growout scale considerations | |
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| Nursery methods | |
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| Growout methods | |
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| Fouling | |
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| Fouling control strategies | |
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| Predation | |
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| Harvest | |
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| Food safety | |
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| Shellfish diseases | |
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| Disease management options | |
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| Genetics: selective breeding | |
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| Triploidy | |
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| Harmful algal blooms | |
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| Site selection | |
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| Carrying capacity | |
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| Permitting challenges | |
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| Nonnative species | |
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| References | |
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| Cage Culture in Freshwater and Protected Marine Areas | |
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| Current status of cage culture | |
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| History and evolution of cage culture | |
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| Advantages and disadvantages of cages | |
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| Site selection | |
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| Stocking cages | |
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| Feeding caged fish | |
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| Polyculture and integrated systems | |
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| Problems with cage culture | |
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| Economics of cage culture | |
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| Sustainability issues | |
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| References | |
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| Ocean Cage Culture | |
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| The context for open ocean farming | |
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| Characterization and selection of open ocean sites | |
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| Technologies for open ocean farming | |
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| Finfish species cultivated in open ocean cages | |
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| Environmental considerations | |
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| Future prospects and challenges | |
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| References | |
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| Reservoir Ranching | |
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| Reservoir ranching vs. culture-based fisheries | |
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| Reservoir | |
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| Natural processes of reservoirs | |
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| Selection of reservoirs for reservoir ranching | |
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| Fish species selection | |
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| Stocking density and size | |
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| Status of reservoir ranching around the world | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Flow-through Raceways | |
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| Types of raceways | |
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| Physical requirements | |
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| Water requirements | |
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| Carrying capacity | |
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| Water consumption and waste management | |
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| Feeding and inventory management | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Ponds | |
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| Species cultured | |
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| Pond types | |
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| Water use | |
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| Pond culture intensity and ecological services | |
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| Food in pond aquaculture | |
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| Life support in pond aquaculture | |
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| Land use and the ecological footprint of pond aquaculture | |
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| Consequences of unregulated algal growth | |
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| Practical constraints on pond aquaculture production | |
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| Comparative economics of culture systems | |
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| Sustainability issues | |
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| Trends and research needs | |
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| References | |
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| Recirculating Aquaculture Systems | |
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| Positive attributes | |
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| Overview of system engineering | |
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| Culture tanks | |
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| Waste solids removal | |
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| Cornell dual-drain system | |
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| Settling basins and tanks | |
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| Mechanical filters | |
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| Granular media filters | |
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| Disposal of the solids | |
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| Biofiltration | |
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| Choice of biofilter | |
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| Aeration and oxygenation | |
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| Carbon dioxide removal | |
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| Monitoring and control | |
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| Current system engineering design | |
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| Recirculation system design | |
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| Four major water-treatment variables | |
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| Summary of four production terms | |
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| Stocking density | |
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| Engineering design example | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Biofloc-based Aquaculture Systems | |
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| Bioflocs | |
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| Oxygen dynamics | |
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| Resuspension, mixing, and sludge management | |
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| Nitrogenous waste products | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Feeds and feeding | |
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| Economics | |
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| Sustainability | |
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| Outlook and research needs | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Partitioned Aquaculture Systems | |
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| High rate ponds in aquaculture-the partitioned aquaculture system | |
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| PAS fingerling production | |
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| Flow-through PAS: the controlled eutrophication process | |
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| Photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic PAS for marine shrimp production | |
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| Alabama in-pond raceway system | |
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| Mississippi split-pond aquaculture system | |
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| California pondway system | |
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| References | |
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| Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture | |
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| System design | |
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| Fish production | |
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| Solids | |
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| Biofiltration | |
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| Hydroponic subsystems | |
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| Sump | |
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| Construction materials | |
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| Component ratios | |
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| Plant growth requirements | |
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| Nutrient dynamics | |
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| Vegetable selection | |
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| Crop production systems | |
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| Pest and disease control | |
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| Approaches to system design | |
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| Economics | |
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| Prospects for the future | |
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| References | |
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| In-pond Raceways | |
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| Development of the in-pond raceway | |
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| Stocking and feeding | |
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| Backup systems and disease treatments | |
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| Comparison to other culture systems | |
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| Sustainability issues | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| On the Drawing Board | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |