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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Free People and Slaves, 1613-1664 | |
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| The Closing Vise of Slavery, 1664-1714 | |
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| The Thirty-Year Rebellion, 1714-1741 | |
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| From Conspiracy to Revolution, 1741-1776 | |
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| The Black American Revolution, 1776-1783 | |
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| Gradually Free, 1783-1804 | |
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| Making a Free People, 1804-1827 | |
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| The Black Renaissance amidst White Racism, 1827-1860 | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |
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| Illustrations | |
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| Manatus map of New Amsterdam, 1639 | |
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| Portrait of New Amsterdam, 1643 | |
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| Map of the farms of free blacks, 1640s | |
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| City of Loango (Luanda), 1670 | |
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| Slave Trading in New Amsterdam Castle of El Mina, 1670 | |
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| Meal Market, 1711 | |
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| A New Map of New England, ca. 1685 | |
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| Proclamation of Governor Hunter, 1711 | |
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| A Law for Regulating Negroes and Slaves in the Night Time, 1731 | |
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| Bill of sale for a black woman, New York, 1740 | |
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| Title page of Daniel Horsmanden's Journal of the Proceedings Plan of the City of New York, 1755 | |
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| Black Servant Slave Housing in Old New York Ye | |
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| Execution of Goff ye Neger of Mr. Cochins on ye Commons | |
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| Map of the Province of New-York, 1776 | |
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| Peter Williams Sr. Peter Williams Jr. Title | |
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| Page of the "African Free School Notebook," 1822 | |
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| Playbill for a performance at the African Grove Theatre, 1821 | |
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| Pierre Toussaint Black and White Beaux, 1826 | |
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| Butter and milk seller Five Points, 1827 | |
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| Hot corn seller Sylvia Du Bois and her daughter Elizabeth Alexander, 1882 | |
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| On the waterfront, 1850s | |
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| Toko, ca. 1845 | |
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| Sam the Witch Doctor and Yon the Fiddler | |
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| Gethsemane Cemetery grave sites, Little Ferry, New Jersey | |
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| Playground of the Colored Orphan Asylum Middle-class black woman, 1860s | |