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Introduction to Goniometry | |
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Basic Concepts | |
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Goniometry | |
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Joint Motion | |
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Arthrokinematics | |
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Osteokinematics | |
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Range of Motion | |
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Active Range of Motion | |
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Passive Range of Motion | |
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Hypomobility | |
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Hypermobility | |
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Factors Affecting Range of Motion | |
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Muscle Length Testing | |
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Procedures | |
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Positioning | |
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Stabilization | |
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Determining the End of the Range of Motion and End-feel | |
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Measurement Instruments | |
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Universal Goniometer | |
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Gravity-dependent Goniometers (Inclinometers) | |
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Electrogoniometers | |
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Visual Estimation | |
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The Universal Goniometer | |
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Alignment | |
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Goniometer Alignment for Elbow Flexion | |
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Recording | |
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Numerical Tables | |
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Pictorial Charts | |
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Sagittal-frontal-transverse-rotation Method | |
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American Medical Association Guide to Evaluation Method | |
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Procedures | |
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Explanation Procedure | |
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Testing Procedure | |
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Explanation of Goniometry | |
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Testing Procedure for Goniometric Evaluation of Elbow Flexion | |
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Validity and Reliability | |
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Validity | |
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Face Validity | |
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Content Validity | |
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Criterion-related Validity | |
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Construct Validity | |
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Reliability | |
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Summary of Goniometric Reliability Studies | |
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Statistical Methods of Evaluating Measurement Reliability | |
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Exercises to Evaluate Reliability | |
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Intratester Reliability | |
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Intertester Reliability | |
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Upper-Extremity Testing | |
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The Shoulder | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Glenohumeral Joint | |
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Sternoclavicular Joint | |
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Acromioclavicular Joint | |
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Scalpulothoracic Joint | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: The Shoulder | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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Flexion | |
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Extension | |
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Abduction | |
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Adduction | |
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Medial (Internal) Rotation | |
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Lateral (External) Rotation | |
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The Elbow and Forearm | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joints | |
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Superior and Inferior Radioulnar Joints | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Elbow and Forearm | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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Flexion | |
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Extension | |
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Pronation | |
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Supination | |
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Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Elbow and Forearm | |
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Biceps Brachii | |
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Triceps Brachii | |
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The Wrist | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Wrist | |
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Landmarks for Goniometric Alignment: The Wrist | |
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Flexion | |
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Extension | |
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Radial Deviation | |
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Ulnar Deviation | |
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Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Wrist | |
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis | |
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Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, and Extensor Digiti Minimi | |
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The Hand | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Joints | |
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Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints | |
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Thumb: Carpometacarpal Joint | |
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Thumb: Metacarpophalangeal Joint | |
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Thumb: Interphalangeal Joint | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Fingers | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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Metacarpophalangeal Flexion | |
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Metacarpophalangeal Extension | |
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Metacarpophalangeal Abduction | |
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Metacarpophalangeal Adduction | |
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Proximal Interphalangeal Flexion | |
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Proximal Interphalangeal Extension | |
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Distal Interphalangeal Flexion | |
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Distal Interphalangeal Extension | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Thumb | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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Carpometacarpal Flexion | |
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Carpometacarpal Extension | |
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Carpometacarpal Abduction | |
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Carpometacarpal Adduction | |
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Carpometacarpal Opposition | |
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Metacarpophalangeal Flexion | |
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Metacarpophalangeal Extension | |
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Interphalangeal Flexion | |
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Interphalangeal Extension | |
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Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Fingers | |
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Lumbricals, Palmar and Dorsal Interossei | |
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Lower-Extremity Testing | |
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The Hip | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Iliofemoral Joint | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Hip | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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Flexion | |
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Extension | |
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Abduction | |
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Adduction | |
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Medial (Internal) Rotation | |
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Lateral (External) Rotation | |
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Muscle Length Testing Procedures | |
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Hip Flexors (Thomas Test) | |
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The Hamstrings: Semitendinous, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris (Straight Leg Test) | |
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Tensor Fascia Latae (Ober Test) | |
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The Knee | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Knee | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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Flexion | |
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Extension | |
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Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Knee | |
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Rectus Femoris: Ely Test | |
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Hamstring Muscles: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris: Distal Hamstring Length Test | |
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The Ankle and Foot | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Proximal and Distal Tibiofibular Joints | |
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Talocrural Joint | |
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Subtalar Joint | |
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Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint | |
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Tarsometatarsal Joints | |
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Metatarsophalangeal Joints | |
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Interphalangeal Joints | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Ankle and Foot | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Talocrural Joint | |
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Dorsiflexion: Talocrural Joint | |
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Plantarflexion: Talocrural Joint | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Tarsal Joints | |
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Inversion: Tarsal Joints | |
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Eversion: Tarsal Joints | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot) | |
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Inversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot) | |
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Eversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot) | |
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Inversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint | |
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Eversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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Flexion: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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Extension: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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Abduction: Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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Adduction and Metatarsophalangeal Joint | |
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Flexion: Interphalangeal Joint of the First Toe and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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Extension: Interphalangeal Joint of the First Toe and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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Flexion: Distal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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Extension: Distal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes | |
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Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Gastrocnemius | |
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Testing of the Spine and Temporomandibular Joint | |
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The Cervical Spine | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Atlanto-occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints | |
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Intervertebral and Zygapophyseal Joints | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Cervical Spine | |
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Landmarks for Goniometer Alignment | |
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Flexion | |
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Extension | |
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Lateral Flexion | |
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Rotation | |
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The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Thoracic Spine | |
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Lumbar Spine | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Functional Range of Motion | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures | |
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Anatomical Landmarks: For Tape Measure Alignment | |
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Thoracic and Lumbar Flexion | |
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Lumbar Flexion | |
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Thoracic and Lumbar Extension | |
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Lumbar Extension | |
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Thoracic and Lumbar Lateral Flexion | |
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Thoracic and Lumbar Rotation | |
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The Temporomandibular Joint | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Temporomandibular Joint | |
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Research Findings | |
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Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors | |
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Reliability and Validity | |
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Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Temporomandibular Joint | |
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Landmarks for Ruler Alignment Measuring | |
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Depression of the Mandible (Mouth Opening) | |
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Protrusion of the Mandible | |
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Lateral Deviation of the Mandible | |
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Normative Range of Motion Values | |
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Joint Measurements by Body Position | |
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Goniometer Price Lists | |
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Numerical Recording Forms | |
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Index | |