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| Preface | |
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| Backgrounds to Christianity Overview Judaism and the Context of Christian Origins | |
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| The History and Thought of Ancient Judaism | |
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| The Greeks Greek History | |
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| The Legacy of Alexander Greek Thought Rome and Roman Expansion | |
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| The Beliefs and Practices of First-Century Jews Judaism in the Greco-Roman World Judaism in Palestine Jewish Political Parties Apocalyptic and Jewish Messianic Expectation | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Birth of Christianity Overview John the Baptist and Christian Origins | |
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| The Life and Teachings of Jesus | |
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| The Sources Childhood, Baptism, and Temptations Miracles Teaching | |
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| The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man Jesus the Radical | |
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| The Passion | |
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| The Resurrection and the Early Church Paul Paul''s Theology | |
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| Christology Judaism Salvation An Apocalyptic Preacher Transformation, Freedom, and Responsibility Christian Community | |
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| The Gospel of John | |
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| The Context of the Gospel John''s Theology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Christianity in the Roman World | |
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| Overview Zenith and Decline of the Empire | |
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| The First Century | |
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| The "Five Good Emperors" | |
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| The Crisis of the Third Century Diocletian and Constantine | |
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| The End of the Empire The Growth of the Church Converts and Conversion Persecution Martyrs and Martyrdom | |
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| The Question of the Lapsed: Cyprian, Novatian, and Donatus Early Christian Writers Justin Martyr Clement of Alexandria Origen Tertullian | |
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| The Beginnings of Monasticism Egypt: Anthony and Pachomius Syria, Palestine, and Asia Minor | |
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| The West: Benedict and the Benedictine Rule | |
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| Summary | |
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| Councils and Creeds: Defining Orthodoxy in Late Antiquity | |
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| Overview Establishing Ecclesiastical Authority Challenges: Gnosticism, Marcionism, and Montanism Bishops and Apostolic Succession | |
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| The Creation of the Canon Rules of Faith and the Apostle''s Creed Controversies, Councils, and Creeds Monarchianism | |
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| The Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicea (325) | |
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| The Cappadocian Fathers and the Doctrine of the Trinity | |
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| The Christological Controversy and the Council of Chalcedon(451) | |
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| Theologians of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries | |
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| The Cappadocian Fathers John Chrysostom Jerome Ambrose Augustine | |
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| The Practice of Christianity Holy Days Baptism and the Eucharist Worship | |
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| The Cult of Saints | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Rise of the Church in the Early Middle Ages | |
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| Overview The Western Church, the Franks, and Feudalism | |
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| The Merovingians and the Church Charlemagne | |
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| The Carolingian Renaissance | |
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| The Conversion of Spain, England, and Ireland | |
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| The Rise of Feudalism | |
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| The Church in the Feudal World | |
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| The Eastern Church and the Byzantine Empire Justinian Byzantium after Justinian | |
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| The Church in the Byzantine World | |
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| The Conversion of the Goths and Slavs | |
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| The Islamic Challenge Muhammad and Islam | |
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| The Growth of Islamic Civilization Developments in the Eastern Church | |
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| The Seven Ecumenical Councils | |
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| The Iconoclastic Controversy John of Damascus Monasticism and Mysticism Developments in the Western Church Early Theories of Papal Authority Gregory the Great John Scotus Eriugena Predestination | |
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| The Sacraments The Saints and the Virgin Mary | |
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| The Filioque | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Church and Christian Culture in the High Middle Ages Overview | |
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| The West in the High Middle Ages Economic, Social, and Political Change | |
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| The Holy Roman Empire Reform and Revival in the Church Monastic Reform Papal Reform under Leo IX and Nicholas II | |
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| The Reform Ideology of Gregory VII Gregory VII, Henry IV, and the Investiture Controversy | |
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| The Papal Monarchy Alexander III Innocent III The Papacy in the Thirteenth Century | |
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| The Crusades Background | |
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| The Course of the Crusades Consequences of the Crusades Scholasticism | |
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| The Rise of the Universities Aristotle Anselm of Canterbury Peter Abelard Hugh of St. Victor and Peter Lombard | |
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| Thomas Aquinas Women and the Virgin Mary | |
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| Cathedrals: Praise in Stone and Glass Romanesque Style Gothic Style | |
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| Summary | |
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| Dissent, Division, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages | |
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| Overview The West in the Late Middle Ages Decline of the Holy Roman Empire Political Developments in France, England, and Spain Social Unrest | |
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| The Black Death Decline in the Western Church | |
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| The Babylonian Captivity | |
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| The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement Decline in Monasticism and among the Secular Clergy Pilgrimage, the Cult of Saints, and Indulgences Heretics and Reformers | |
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| The Cathari and Waldenses | |
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| The Dominicans and the Inquisition | |
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| The Franciscans John Wycliffe and Jan Hus Mystics and Mysticism | |
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| Theology in the West John Duns Scotus William of Ockham Theology and Political Theory | |
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| The Church and the Renaissance | |
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| The Renaissance in Italy Humanism in Northern Europe | |
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| The Renaissance Popes The Eastern Orthodox Church | |
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| The Break with Rome | |
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| The Fall of Byzantium | |
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| The Orthodox Church and the Ottoman State | |
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| The Russian Orthodox Church | |
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| The Smaller Churches of Africa and Asia | |
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| The Coptic and Ethiopian Churches Monophysitism in Syria and Armenia Nestorian Christianity | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Protestant Reformation | |
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| Overview Europe on the Eve of Reformation Martin Luther | |
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| The Complexity of Martin Luther | |
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| The Young Luther Professor and Reformer Luther''s Theology Scripture Knowledge of God | |
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| The Human Condition and Salvation | |
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| The Church Why the Reformation Succeeded | |
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| The Early Progress of the Lutheran Movement | |
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| The Urban Reformation | |
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| The Late Medieval City Nuremberg Strasbourg Erfurt | |
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| The Peasant Revolts of 1525 Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation | |
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| The Radical Reformation | |
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| The Anabaptists | |
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| The Spiritualists and the Evangelical Humanists | |
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| Summary | |
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| Protestant Expansion and Catholic Response | |
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| Overview | |
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| The European Scene Royal Absolutism Calvin Calvin''s Theology | |
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| The Spread of Protestantism | |
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| The Reformation in England and Scotland | |
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| The Reformation in England | |
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| The Reformation in Scotland | |
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| The Puritans Congregationalists Baptists Cromwell and Puritan Political Power | |
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| The Glorious Revolution | |
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| The Catholic Reformation Reforming Voices Individual Calls for Reform Reforming Groups Mystics Reforming Popes | |
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| The Council of Trent Eastern Orthodoxy | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Church in an Age of Division and Expansion Overview | |
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| The Scene in Europe: Politics, Religion, and Strife Germany, Sweden, and the Thirty-Year''s War France and the Huguenot Struggle | |
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| The Netherlands Prussia, Russia, and the Empire Catholic Orthodoxy Popes and Kings Divergence within Catholicism | |
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| Lutheran Orthodoxy and Protestant Scholasticism Currents in Intellectual Life | |
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| The Enlightenment, Rationalism and the Scientific Revolution | |
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| The Scientific Revolution Rationalism in Philosophy and Religion Descartes and Continental Rationalism Empiricism | |
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| The Kantian Synthesis The Philosophes of France Religions of the Head, Religions of the Heart Deism Religions of the Heart Pietism | |
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| The Great Awakening The Orthodox Church in an Embattled Era | |
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| The Church in Russia | |
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| Summary | |
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| Christianity in the Modern World: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Overview | |
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| The Modern World: Social, Political, and Economic Change Romanticism and Liberalism Imperialism and Industrialization World Wars and Communist Revolutions | |
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| The Modern World: Intellectual Change | |
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| The Natural Sciences | |
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| The Social Sciences Philosophy History and Biblical Criticism | |
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| The Roman Catholic Church in the Modern World Napoleon and the Church | |
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| The Nineteenth Century | |
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| The Early Twentieth Century Catholic Theology in the Early Twentieth Century John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council (1962-1 | |