| |
| |
Foreword | |
| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
List of Exhibits | |
| |
| |
List of Figures | |
| |
| |
List of Tables | |
| |
| |
List of Abbreviations/Acronyms | |
| |
| |
| |
A Distinctive System of Health Care Delivery | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
An Overview of the Scope and Size of the System | |
| |
| |
A Broad Description of the System | |
| |
| |
Basic Components of a Health Services Delivery System | |
| |
| |
A Disenfranchised Segment | |
| |
| |
Transition from Traditional Insurance to Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Primary Characteristics of the US Health Care System | |
| |
| |
Trends and Directions | |
| |
| |
Significance for Health Care Practitioners and Policymakers | |
| |
| |
Significance for Health Care Managers | |
| |
| |
Health Care Systems of Other Countries | |
| |
| |
The Systems Framework | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
System Foundations | |
| |
| |
| |
Beliefs, Values, and Health | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Significance for Managers and Policymakers | |
| |
| |
Basic Concepts | |
| |
| |
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention | |
| |
| |
Developmental Health | |
| |
| |
Public Health | |
| |
| |
Health Protection | |
| |
| |
Quality of Life | |
| |
| |
Determinants of Health | |
| |
| |
Overarching Factors and Implications for Health Care Delivery | |
| |
| |
A Social Model of Health | |
| |
| |
Equitable Distribution of Health Care | |
| |
| |
Justice in the US Health Delivery System | |
| |
| |
Equality in the US Health Care Delivery System | |
| |
| |
Integration of Individual and Community Health | |
| |
| |
Measures of Health Status | |
| |
| |
Evaluation of Health Status | |
| |
| |
Demographic Change | |
| |
| |
Measures of Mental Health | |
| |
| |
Measures of Social Health | |
| |
| |
Measures of Spiritual Health | |
| |
| |
Measures of Health Services Utilization | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Evolution of Health Services in the United States | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Medical Services in Preindustrial America | |
| |
| |
Medical Services in Postindustrial America | |
| |
| |
Medical Care in the Corporate Era | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
System Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Services Professionals | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Physicians | |
| |
| |
Some Key Issues in Medical Practice Involvement in the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines | |
| |
| |
International Medical Graduates | |
| |
| |
Dentists | |
| |
| |
Pharmacists | |
| |
| |
Other Doctoral-Level Health Professionals | |
| |
| |
Nurses | |
| |
| |
Nonphysician Practitioners | |
| |
| |
Allied Health Professionals | |
| |
| |
Health Services Administrators | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
List of Professional Associations | |
| |
| |
| |
Medical Technology | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Medical Technology? | |
| |
| |
Information Technology and Informatics | |
| |
| |
Innovation, Diffusion, and Utilization of Medical Technology | |
| |
| |
Managed Care and Technology Diffusion | |
| |
| |
The Government's Role in Technology Diffusion | |
| |
| |
The Impact of Medical Technology | |
| |
| |
The Assessment of Medical Technology | |
| |
| |
Current and Future Directions in Health Technology Assessment | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Services Financing | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Role and Scope of Health Services Financing | |
| |
| |
Financing and Cost Control | |
| |
| |
The Insurance Function | |
| |
| |
Private Financing | |
| |
| |
Public Financing | |
| |
| |
Miscellaneous Private and Public Programs | |
| |
| |
The Payment Function | |
| |
| |
National Health Care Expenditures | |
| |
| |
Trends, Problems, and Issues in Insurance and Financing | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
System Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
Outpatient and Primary Care Services | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Outpatient Care? | |
| |
| |
The Scope of Outpatient Services | |
| |
| |
Primary Care | |
| |
| |
Community-Oriented Primary Care | |
| |
| |
Primary Care Providers | |
| |
| |
Growth in Outpatient Services | |
| |
| |
Reasons for the Growth in Outpatient Services | |
| |
| |
Types of Outpatient Care Settings and Methods of Delivery | |
| |
| |
Utilization of Outpatient Services | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Inpatient Facilities and Services | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Transformation of the Hospital in the United States | |
| |
| |
The Expansion Phase: Late 1800s to Mid-1980s | |
| |
| |
The Downsizing Phase: Mid-1980s Onward | |
| |
| |
Some Key Utilization Measures and Operational Concepts | |
| |
| |
Hospital Employment | |
| |
| |
Types of Hospitals | |
| |
| |
What Makes a Hospital Nonprofit? | |
| |
| |
Some Management Concepts | |
| |
| |
Licensure, Certification, and Accreditation | |
| |
| |
Ethical and Legal Issues in Patient Care | |
| |
| |
Hospitals and Public Trust | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Managed Care and Integrated Organizations | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Managed Care? | |
| |
| |
Evolution of Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Growth of Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Efficiencies and Inefficiencies in Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Cost Control Methods in Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Types of Managed Care Organizations | |
| |
| |
Trends in Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Impact on Cost, Access, and Quality | |
| |
| |
Managed Care Backlash, Regulation, and the Aftermath | |
| |
| |
Consolidation, Expansion, Diversification, and Integration | |
| |
| |
Integrated Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
Types of Integration | |
| |
| |
Issues Related to Integration | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Long-Term Care | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Nature of Long-Term Care | |
| |
| |
Long-Term Care Services | |
| |
| |
The Clients of Long-Term Care | |
| |
| |
Types of Community-Based Long-Term Care Services | |
| |
| |
Institutional Long-Term Care | |
| |
| |
Specialized Facilities | |
| |
| |
Nursing Home Industry and Patient Demographics | |
| |
| |
Patient Assessment and Prospective Payment for SNFs | |
| |
| |
Requirements of Participation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Services for Special Populations | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Racial/Ethnic Minorities | |
| |
| |
The Uninsured | |
| |
| |
Children | |
| |
| |
Women | |
| |
| |
Rural Health | |
| |
| |
The Homeless | |
| |
| |
Mental Health | |
| |
| |
The Chronically Ill and Disabled | |
| |
| |
HIV/AIDS | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
System Outcomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Cost, Access, and Quality | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Cost of Health Care | |
| |
| |
Reasons for Cost Escalation | |
| |
| |
Cost Containment-Regulatory Approaches | |
| |
| |
Cost Containment-Competitive Approaches | |
| |
| |
Access to Care | |
| |
| |
Quality of Care | |
| |
| |
Dimensions of Quality | |
| |
| |
Quality Assurance | |
| |
| |
Quality Assessment | |
| |
| |
Quality Report Cards | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Policy | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Health Policy? | |
| |
| |
The Principal Features of US Health Policy | |
| |
| |
The Development of Legislative Health Policy | |
| |
| |
Critical Policy Issues | |
| |
| |
The Future of Health Policy | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
System Outlook | |
| |
| |
| |
The Future of Health Services Delivery | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Trends in Private and Public Health Insurance | |
| |
| |
Future Options in Financing and Insurance | |
| |
| |
Future Challenges for Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Comprehensive Reform: If and When It Occurs | |
| |
| |
National and Global Challenges | |
| |
| |
Bioterrorism and the Transformation of Public Health | |
| |
| |
The Future Outlook for US Hospitals | |
| |
| |
Future of the Health Care Workforce | |
| |
| |
Work Organization | |
| |
| |
Enhanced Focus on Customer Service | |
| |
| |
New Frontiers in Clinical Technology | |
| |
| |
The Era of Evidence-Based Health Care | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Test Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
Selected Web Sites | |
| |
| |
Index | |