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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Author | |
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| General Concept and Techniques | |
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| Measurement | |
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| What Is Biostatistics? | |
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| Organization of Data | |
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| Types of Measurements | |
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| Data Quality | |
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| Types of Studies | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Comparative Studies | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Stemplots | |
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| Frequency Tables | |
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| Additional Frequency Charts | |
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| Summary Statistics | |
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| Central Location: Mean | |
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| Central Location: Median | |
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| Central Location: Mode | |
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| Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode | |
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| Spread: Quartiles | |
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| Boxplots | |
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| Spread: Variance and Standard Deviation | |
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| Selecting Summary Statistics | |
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| Probability Concepts | |
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| What Is Probability? | |
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| Types of Random Variables | |
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| Discrete Random Variables | |
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| Continuous Random Variables | |
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| More Rules and Properties of Probability | |
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| Binomial Probability Distributions | |
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| Binomial Random Variables | |
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| Calculating Binomial Probabilities | |
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| Cumulative Probabilities | |
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| Probability Calculators | |
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| Expected Value and Variance of a Binomial Random Variable | |
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| Using the Binomial Distribution to Help Make Judgments | |
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| Normal Probability Distributions | |
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| Normal Distributions | |
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| Determining Normal Probabilities | |
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| Finding Values That Correspond to Normal Probabilities | |
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| Assessing Departures from Normality | |
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| Introduction to Statistical Inference | |
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| Concepts | |
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| Sampling Behavior of a Mean | |
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| Sampling Behavior of a Count and Proportion | |
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| Basics of Hypothesis Testing | |
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| The Null and Alternative Hypotheses | |
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| Test Statistic | |
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| P-Value | |
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| Significance Level | |
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| One-Sample z Test | |
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| Power and Sample Size | |
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| Basics of Confidence Intervals | |
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| Introduction to Estimation | |
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| Confidence Interval for [mu] When [sigma] Known | |
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| Sample Size Requirements | |
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| Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals | |
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| Quantitative Response Variable | |
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| Inference About a Mean | |
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| Estimated Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| Student's t Distributions | |
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| One-Sample t Test | |
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| Confidence Interval for [mu] | |
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| Paired Samples | |
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| Conditions for Inference | |
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| Sample Size and Power | |
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| Comparing Independent Means | |
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| Paired and Independent Samples | |
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| Exploratory and Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Inference About the Mean Difference | |
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| Equal Variance t Procedure (Optional) | |
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| Conditions for Inference | |
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| Sample Size and Power | |
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| Comparing Several Means (One-Way ANOVA) | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| The Problem of Multiple Comparisons | |
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| Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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| Post Hoc Comparisons | |
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| The Equal Variance Assumption | |
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| Introduction to Non-Parametric Tests | |
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| Correlation and Regression | |
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| Data | |
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| Scatterplots | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Regression | |
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| Multiple Linear Regression | |
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| The General Idea | |
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| The Multiple Linear Regression Model | |
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| Categorical Explanatory Variables in Regression Models | |
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| Regression Coefficients | |
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| ANOVA for Multiple Linear Regression | |
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| Examining Multiple Regression Conditions | |
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| Categorical Response Variable | |
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| Inference About a Proportion | |
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| Proportions | |
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| The Sampling Distribution of a Proportion | |
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| Hypothesis Test, Normal Approximation | |
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| Hypothesis Test, Exact Binomial Method | |
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| Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion | |
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| Sample Size and Power | |
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| Comparing Two Proportions | |
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| Data | |
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| Proportion Difference (Risk Difference) | |
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| Hypothesis Test | |
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| Proportion Ratio (Relative Risk) | |
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| Systematic Sources of Error | |
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| Power and Sample Size | |
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| Cross-Tabulated Counts | |
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| Types of Samples | |
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| Describing Naturalistic and Cohort Samples | |
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| Chi-Square Test of Association | |
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| Test for Trend | |
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| Case-Control Samples | |
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| Matched Pairs | |
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| Stratified 2-by-2 Tables | |
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| Preventing Confounding | |
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| Simpson's Paradox | |
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| Mantel-Haenszel Methods | |
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| Interaction | |
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| Table of 2000 Random Digits | |
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| z Table. Cummulative Probabilities for a Standard Normal Random Variable | |
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| t Table | |
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| F Table | |
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| X[superscript 2] Table | |
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| Two-Tails of z | |
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| Answers to Odd Numbered Exercises | |
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| Index | |