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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Author's Note and Abbreviations | |
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| Glossary | |
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| A Short History Of Islamic Philosophy | |
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| The growth of Islam | |
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| Neoplatonism | |
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| Major thinkers | |
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| Main Controversies | |
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| What is Islamic philosophy? | |
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| Early reactions to Greek philosophy in Islamic culture: the Great Debate | |
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| Al-Ghazali and philosophy: the question of creation | |
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| The nature of time | |
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| Mulla Sadra on change | |
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| Iqbal on time | |
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| Ibn Rushd on time | |
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| What can God do? | |
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| Miracles and meaning | |
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| The afterlife | |
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| What can God know? | |
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| Philosophical accounts of religious concepts | |
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| How free is God? | |
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| Essence, existence and miracles | |
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| The meaning of words | |
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| Meaning and unity | |
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| bi-la kayfa | |
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| Ibn Taymiyya on talking about God | |
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| Knowledge | |
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| The notion of Islamic science | |
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| Science and rationality | |
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| The nature of knowledge | |
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| What is knowledge for? | |
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| imagination | |
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| Ibn Sina on knowledge and the 'oriental' philosophy | |
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| Sufism, knowledge and imagination | |
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| Knowledge by presence | |
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| Mysticism | |
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| Mysticism as a system | |
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| Being | |
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| Mysticism as a science | |
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| The perfect man | |
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| The deepening of prayer | |
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| Criticisms of Sufism | |
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| Ontology | |
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| Being and existence in Islamic philosophy | |
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| Ibn Rushd vs Ibn Sina on existence | |
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| Mulla Sadra vs al-Suhrawardi on existence | |
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| The equivocality of being | |
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| Mulla Sadra and mysticism | |
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| The imaginal realm | |
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| Different routes to one truth and the role of imagination | |
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| Allegory and meaning: the imaginal realm again | |
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| Prophecy and its psychological basis | |
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| Is being really the first question in metaphysics? | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Theological background: Mu 'tazilites vs Ash'arites | |
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| Ethics and divine power | |
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| Al-Ghazali's attack on objectivism in ethics | |
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| Trusting authority | |
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| The need for guidance | |
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| Politics | |
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| Plato vs Aristotle | |
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| The diversity of human beings | |
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| Islamic accounts of history | |
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| The notion of the 'medieval'P125 | |
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| Liberalism vs Islam | |
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| The case of jihad | |
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| Modern political consequences | |
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| The Question Of Transmission | |
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| Philosophy and religion | |
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| The notion of cultural contact | |
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| The Andalusi connection | |
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| Getting back to basics | |
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| Falsafa and hikma: philosophy and wisdom | |
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| The concept of religious reason | |
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| The concept of inclusive reason | |
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| Robinson Crusoe and Hayy ibn Yaqzan | |
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| Language | |
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| The case of Ibn Rushd | |
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| Ibn Rushd on meaning | |
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| Ibn Rushd and elitism | |
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| The Enlightenment Project | |
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| Ibn Rushd as a critic of mysticism | |
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| The implications for language | |
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| Islamic Philosophy Today | |
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| The West as decadent | |
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| Confronting tradition | |
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| Islamic exceptionalism | |
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| Did al-Ghazali destroy Islamic philosophy? | |
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| Does Islam Need An Enlightnment? | |
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| Jewish and Muslim reactions to modernity | |
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| Moses Mendelssohn and Muhammad 'Abduh | |
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| Islamic exceptionalism again | |
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| The Enlightenment and theology | |
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| Christianity as the symbol of modernity | |
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| The need for an Enlightenment | |
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| The lack of radicalism in Islamic Qur'an commentary | |
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| References and Bibliography | |
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| Guide to Further Reading | |
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| Index | |