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| Introduction to Blood Gases | |
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| Arterial Blood Gases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Normal Blood Gas Values | |
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| Arterial versus Venous Blood | |
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| Technique | |
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| Arterial Cannulation | |
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| Arterial Line/Blood Gas Controversy | |
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| Capillary Sampling | |
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| AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Blood Gas Classification | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Systematic Approach | |
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| Acid-Base Status | |
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| Basic (Primary) Acid-Base Disturbance(s) | |
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| Compensation Assessment | |
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| Acid-Base Classification versus Interpretation | |
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| Oxygenation Status | |
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| Complete Blood Gas Classification | |
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| Alternative Terminology | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Technical Issues in Blood Gas Analysis | |
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| Blood Gas Sampling Errors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Physics of Gases | |
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| Potential Sampling Errors | |
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| Measurement of Blood Gases and Electrolytes from a Single Sample | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Blood Gas Electrodes and Quality Assurance | |
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| Blood Gas Electrodes | |
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| Total Quality Management | |
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| Quality Assurance | |
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| Quality Control | |
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| Continuous Monitoring of Blood Gases | |
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| Point-of-Care Testing | |
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| Regulations and Laboratory Accreditation | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Accuracy Check and Metabolic Acid-Base Indices | |
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| Accuracy Check | |
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| Metabolic Acid-Base Indices | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Basic Physiology | |
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| Oxygenation and External Respiration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| External Respiration | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Oxygen Transport and Internal Respiration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Blood Oxygen Compartments | |
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| Quantitative Oxygen Transport | |
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| Hemoglobin Abnormalities | |
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| Internal Respiration | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Acid-Base Homeostasis | |
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| Hydrogen Ions and pH | |
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| The Lungs and Regulation of Volatile Acid | |
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| The Kidneys and Acid-Base Balance | |
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| Buffer Systems | |
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| Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Clinical Oxygenation | |
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| Assessment of Hypoxemia and Shunting | |
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| Overview | |
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| Assessment of Hypoxemia | |
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| Effects of Cardiac Output on PaO[superscript 2] | |
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| Assessment of Physiologic Shunting | |
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| Differential Diagnosis of Hypoxemia | |
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| Clinical Appearance of the Patient with Hypoxemia/Hypercapnia | |
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| Hyperoxemia | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Treatment of Hypoxemia and Shunting | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Oxygen Therapy | |
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| Mechanical Ventilation | |
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| Positive End-Expiratory Pressure | |
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| Body Positioning | |
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| Nitric Oxide | |
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| Long-term Oxygen Therapy | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Hypoxia: Assessment and Intervention | |
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| Overview | |
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| Oxygen Supply Variables | |
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| Key Indicators of Hypoxia | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Clinical Acid Base | |
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| Regulation of Acids, Bases, and Electrolytes | |
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| Overview | |
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| Regulation of Ventilation | |
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| Renal Function | |
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| Body Fluids and Electrolytes | |
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| Sodium Regulation in the Kidney | |
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| Urinary Buffers and H[superscript +] Excretion | |
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| Plasma pH and [K superscript +] | |
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| Law of Electroenutrality | |
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| Stewart's Strong Ion Difference | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Differential Diagnosis of Acid-Base Disturbances | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Respiratory Acidosis | |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis | |
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| Metabolic Acidosis | |
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| Metabolic Alkalosis | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Mixed Acid-Base Disturbances and Treatment | |
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| Overview | |
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| Factors That May Complicate Clinical Acid-Base Data | |
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| Mixed Acid-Base Disturbances | |
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| Acid-Base Treatment | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Noninvasive Techniques and Case Studies | |
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| Noninvasive Blood Gas Monitoring | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Oximetry | |
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| Pulse Oximetry | |
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| Transcutaneous PO[subscript 2]/PCO[subscript 2] Monitoring | |
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| Capnometry | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Arterial Blood Gas Case Studies | |
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| Narcotic Overdose | |
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| Unexplained Acidemia | |
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| Gastrointestinal Disturbance | |
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| Status Asthmaticus | |
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| Acute Respiratory Acidemia | |
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| Nasogastric Suction | |
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| Unexplained Alkalemia | |
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| Oxygenation Disturbance | |
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| Diabetic Patient | |
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| Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | |
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| Mitral Valve Replacement | |
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| Patient with Burns | |
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| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Congestive Heart Failure | |
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| Pulmonary Edema | |
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| Answers to Arterial Blood Gas Case Studies | |
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| References | |
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| Answers | |
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| Illustration Credits | |
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| Index | |