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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction: Enlightenment Political Thought and the Age of Empire | |
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| Enlightenment Anti-imperialism as a Historical Anomaly | |
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| Synopsis | |
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| Toward a Subversion of Noble Savagery: From Natural Humans to Cultural Humans | |
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| Noble Savagery in Montaigne's "Of Cannibals" | |
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| Lahontan's Dialogue with a Huron | |
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| New World Peoples in Rousseau's Conjectural History | |
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| Diderot and Bougainville's Voyage | |
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| Diderot's Tahiti: Appropriating and Subverting Noble Savage Theory | |
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| The New World as a Device of Social Criticism: The Overlapping and Rival Approaches of Diderot and Rousseau | |
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| The Dehumanization of Natural Humanity | |
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| Diderot and the Evils of Empire: The Histoire de deux Indes | |
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| The General Will of Humanity, the Partial Incommensurability of Moeurs, and the Ethics of Crossing Borders | |
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| On the Cruelties Unleashed by Empire in the Non-European World | |
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| Trading Companies and Conquest: On Commerce and Imperial Rule | |
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| The Disastrous Effects of Empire upon Europeans | |
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| Europe: Not a Civilization Fit for Export | |
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| Humanity and Culture in Kant's Politics | |
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| Humanity as Cultural Agency | |
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| Cultural Freedom and Embedded Reason | |
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| From Humanity to Personality | |
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| Kant's Social Criticism: The Vulnerability and Commodification of Cultural Agency | |
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| Humanity as Dignity | |
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| Noumenon as the Curtailment of Metaphysics | |
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| Aesthetic Humanity: The Opportunities and Injustices of 'Civilized' Sociability | |
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| Humanity as Cultural Agency in Political Context: Combating State Paternalism | |
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| Humanity as Cultural Agency in a Philosophy of History: Kant's Narrative of Hope | |
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| Kant's Anti-imperialism: Cultural Agency and Cosmopolitan Right | |
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| Self-Cultivation, Pluralism, and Cultural Freedom | |
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| Anthropological Diversity: From Race to Collective Freedom | |
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| Anti-imperialism and Cosmopolitan Right | |
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| An Unusual Social Contract Doctrine | |
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| Pluralism, Humanity, and Empire in Herder's Political Thought | |
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| Generalizations, Contingency, and Historical Judgement | |
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| The Flux of History | |
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| On the Horizons of Knowledge and Universal Standards | |
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| Early Thoughts on National Communities | |
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| 'Humanity' as Philosophical Anthropology | |
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| Conceptualizing Human Diversity: Sedentary versus Nomadic Societies | |
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| Beyond Empire and toward International Justice: 'Humanity' as a Moral Ideal | |
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| Conclusion: The Philosophical Sources and Legacies of Enlightenment Anti-imperialism | |
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| Pluralizing 'the' Enlightenment | |
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| Universal Dignity, Cultural Agency, and Moral Incommensurability | |
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| Notes | |
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| Works Cited | |
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| Index | |