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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Note on Names, Dates, Weights and Measures, and Chinese Characters | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History, Time, and Memory | |
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| The Qing Conquests as a World Historical Event | |
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| The Formation of the Central Eurasian States | |
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| Environments, State Building, and National Identity | |
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| The Unboundedness of Central Eurasia | |
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| Trade, Transport, and Travel | |
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| The Frontier | |
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| Zone | |
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| Isolation and Integration | |
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| The Ming, Muscovy, and Siberia, 1400-1600 | |
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| The Ming and the Mongols | |
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| State Formation in Muscovy and Russian Expansion | |
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| Siberian and Chinese Frontiers | |
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| Central Eurasian Interactions and the Rise of the Manchus, 1600-1670 | |
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| Building the Zunghar State | |
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| The Rise of the Manchus Mongolian Influence on the Manchu State | |
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| Early Modern State Building Compared | |
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| Contending for Power | |
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| Manchus, Mongols, and Russians in Conflict, 1670-1690 | |
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| Kangxi the Ruler Galdan's Intervention | |
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| Kangxi's First Personal Expedition | |
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| The Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Excluded Middle | |
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| Eating Snow: The End of Galdan, 1690-1697 | |
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| The Dolon Nor Assembly | |
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| The Battle of Jao Modo | |
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| The Emperor Rewrites History | |
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| The Final Campaigns and the Fate of Galdan | |
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| Imperial Overreach and Zunghar Survival, 1700-1731 | |
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| The Rise of Tsewang Rabdan | |
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| Three Central Eurasian Travelers | |
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| The Penetration of Turkestan and Tibet | |
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| The New Emperor Changes Tack | |
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| The Final Blows, 1734-1771 Transforming the Barbarians through Trade | |
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| The Death Knell of the Zunghar State | |
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| The Conquest of Turkestan | |
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| The Return of the Torghuts | |
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| The Economic Basis of Power | |
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| Cannons on Camelback: Ecological Structures and Economic Conjunctures | |
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| Galdan the State Builder | |
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| Nian Gengyao and the Incorporation of Qinghai | |
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| Administering the Frontier | |
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| Land Settlement and Military | |
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| Colonies Deportation from Turfan | |
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| Settlement of Xinjiang | |
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| Colonization and Land | |
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| Clearance Economic Development | |
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| Harvests and Relief | |
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| Harvests and Yields | |
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| Granary Reserves | |
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| The Contribution Scandal | |
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| The Relief Campaign of 1756 | |
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| Currency and Commerce | |
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| Money on the Frontier, from Song through Ming | |
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| Integration and Stabilization | |
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| Commerce as a Weapon of War | |
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| Tribute and Frontier Trade | |
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| Fixing Frontiers | |
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| Moving through the Land | |
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| Travel and Authority | |
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| Marking Space in Stone | |
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| Maps and Power | |
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| Expanding the Imperial Gaze | |
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| Marking Time: Writing Imperial History | |
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| Kangxi's Campaign History | |
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| Yongzheng and the Dayi | |
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| Juemilu Qianlong's Account of the Zunghar Mongols | |
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| A View from the Frontier | |
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| Nomadic Chronicles | |
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| Legacies and Implications | |
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| Writing the National History of Conquest | |
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| Statecraft Writers and Empire | |
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| Geopolitics and Emperor Worship | |
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| Chinese Historians and the Multicultural State | |
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| Soviet and Mongolian Attacks on Qing Aggression | |
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| Empires, Nations, and Peoples | |
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| State Building in Europe and Asia | |
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| The Political Ecology of Frontier Conquest | |
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| European, Chinese, and Inner Asian Models | |
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| Theories of Nomadic Empires | |
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| Rethinking the Qing in the World | |
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| Frontier Expansion in the Rise and Fall of the Qing | |
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| The End of the Qing State | |
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| Northwest and Southern Frontiers | |
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| The Negotiated State | |
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| Commercialization and Regionalization | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Rulers and Reigns | |
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| The Yongzheng Emperor Reels from the News of the Disaster, 1731 | |
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| Haggling at the Border | |
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| Gansu Harvests and Yields | |
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| Climate and Harvests in the Northwest | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Illustration | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |